CHAPTER 2
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The Entrepreneurial
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Mind-set in Individuals:
Cognition and Ethics
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Entrepreneurial
Mind-set Every person has the
potential and free choice to pursue a
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If past generation dreamed of career as an entrepreneur, but exactly
the prestige and perks that come with what motivates people to make this
the executive suite of a major choice is not fully understood.
corporation, the dream of the
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millennial generation (also known as Researchers are attempting
Generation Y) appears quite different. better to understand the driving forces
They believe that career success will within entrepreneurs, but have not yet
require them to be more nimble, identified one single event,
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independent, and entrepreneurial than characteristic or trait that pushes an
the past generation. individual into the domain.
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Entrepreneurial Cognition is a term for the
Cognition mental processes that take place in the
brain, including thinking, attention,
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language, learning, memory and
perception. These processes are not
discrete abilities – they are a raft of
the different, interacting skills which
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m e s f r o m
co
The term g n o s cer e,
together allow us to function as
d c o
latin wor “ to k n o w ”, healthy adults.
a n s
which me lize, or
tua
or concep
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e”.
“recogniz
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Social Cognition
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Introduces the idea of
knowledge structures mental models
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(cognition) that are ordered in such a
way to optimize personal effectiveness
within given situations to the study of
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entrepreneurship.
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Entrepreneurial cognition
In other words,
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Entrepreneurial cognitions entrepreneurial cognition is
about understanding how
have been defined as “the knowledge
entrepreneurs use simplifying
structures that people use to make mental models to piece
assessments, judgments, or decisions together previously
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involving opportunity, evaluation, unconnected information that
venture creation and growth.” helps them to identify and
(Researchers Ronald K. Mitchell, invent new products or
Lowell Busentiz, Theresa Lant, services, and to assemble the
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necessary resources to start
Pantricia P. Mcdougall, Eric A. Morse,
and grow business.
and J. Brock Smith)
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The Dark Side Of
Entrepreneurship
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The Entrepreneur’s The financial risk is
Confrontation Risk measured against the level of profit
motive (the desire for monetary gain
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Starting or buying a new or return from the venture), coupled
business involves risk. The higher the with the type of activity. Profit-
rewards, the greater the risks seeking activity is associated with the
entrepreneurs usually face. This is strong desire to maximize profit, and
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why entrepreneurs tend to evaluate activity seeking refers to other
risk very carefully. activities associated with
entrepreneurship, such as
independence or the work of the
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venture itself.
The thrust of this theory
IM P
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ORT argues that entrepreneurship vary with
NT! A regard to the relationship between risk
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and financial return.
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The Entrepreneur’s
Confrontation Risk
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But they do have few things others do
not. In the deepest sense, they are
willing to accept risk for what they
believe in. they have the ability to
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It should be noted that cope with a professional life riddled
people who successfully
by ambiguity, consistent lack of
innovate and start
businesses come in all clarity.
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shapes and sizes.
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Entrepreneurs face
number of different
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type of risk.
These can be
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grouped into four
basic areas:
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“a. Financial Risk”
The entrepreneur is thus exposed to
In most new ventures, the personal bankruptcy. Many people are
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individual puts a significant portion of
unwilling to risk their savings, house,
his or her savings or other resources at property, and salary to start a new
stake, which creates a serious financial business.
risk. This money or these resources
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will, in all likelihood, be lost if the
venture fails. The entrepreneur also
may be required to sign personally on
company obligation that far exceed his
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or her personal net worth..
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b. Career Risk [Link] and Social Risk
Starting a new venture
A question frequently raised requires much of the entrepreneur's
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by would be entrepreneurs is whether energy and time, which can in turn
they will be able to find a job or go create a family and social risk.
back to their old job, should their Consequently, his or her other
venture fail. This career risk is a major commitments may suffer.
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concern to managers who have a Entrepreneurs who are married, and
secure organizational job with a high especially those with children, expose
salary and a good benefit package. their families to the risks of an
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incomplete family experience and the
possibility of permanent emotional
scars. In addition, old friends may
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vanish eventually because of missed
get-together
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d. Psychic Risk
The psychic risk may be the
greatest risk to the well-being of the
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entrepreneur, Money can be replaced;
a new house can be built; spouses,
children, and friends usually can
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adapt. But some entrepreneurs who
have suffered financial catastrophes
have been unable to bounce back, at
least not immediately. The
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psychological impact has proven to be
too severe for them
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Entrepreneurial
Ethics
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Entrepreneurial Ethics
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Ethical issues in business are It has figured prominently in
of great importance today, and with philosophical thought since the time
good reason. The prevalence of of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
scandals, fraud and various forms of Derived from the Greek word ethos,
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executive misconduct in corporations meaning custom or mode of conduct,
has spurred the watchful eye of the ethics has challenged philosophers for
public. Ethics is not a new topic, centuries to determine what exactly
however. represents right or wrong conduct
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Entrepreneurial Ethics
Today's entrepreneurs are
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faced with many ethical decisions,
especially during the early stages of
their new ventures. And, as Sir Adrian
Cadbury observed, "there is no simple
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universal formula for solving ethical
problems. We have to choose from our
own codes of conduct whichever rules
are appropriate to the case in hand; the
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outcome of these choices makes us
who we are.
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CHAPTER 3
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The Entrepreneurial Mind-
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set in Organization:
Corporate Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship As a researcher Donald F.
Evolved over the last forty Kurato pointed out, organizations
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years to become a strategy that can must realize "the entrepreneurship are
facilitate firm's efforts to create typically viewed as dynamic, flexible
innovation and cope effectively with entities prepared to take advantage of
the competitive realities in today's new business opportunities when they
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world markets. All organizations are arise" An "entrepreneurship
facing a new global reality requiring orientation" of innovation, risk taking,
innovation, courage, risk taking, and and proactiveness is needed for
entrepreneurship leadership. today's organizations to implement the
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needed strategies for corporate
entrepreneurship to develop.
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PHILOSOPHY
INNOVATION
CORPORATE
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CORPORATE
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Corporate innovation
INNOVATION succeeds in organization that provide
PHILOSOPHY employees with the freedom and
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Despite the fact that encouragement to develop their ideas,
entrepreneurship and innovation are but top managers, if they do not
highly viable strategy for successful believe that entrepreneurial ideas can
results in today's corporations, the fact be nurtured, have been known to
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that successful implementation of hamper innovation. They may find it
corporate innovation has been quite difficult, for example, to implement
elusive for most companies. policies that endorse unstructured
activity. If innovative people are to
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reach their potential, however, new
types of thinking must overcome
managerial hesitations..
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Five important practices for
establishing innovation-
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driven organizations follow
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1. Set explicit innovation goals. These
goals need to be mutually agreed on 4. Provide rewards for innovative
the employee and management so that ideas, Reward system should enhance
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specific steps can be achieved. and encourage others to risk and to
achieve
2. Create a system of feedback and
positive reinforcement. This is 5. Do not punish failures. Real
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necessary for potential innovators or learning takes place when failed
creators of ideas to realize that projects are examined closely for what
acceptance and reward exist can be learned by individuals. In
addition, individuals must feel free to
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experiment without fear of
3. Emphasize individual responsibility. punishment
Confidence, trust, and accountability
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are key features in the success of any
innovative program.
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CORPORATE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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AND INNOVATION
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CORPORATE
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND The major thrust of corporate
INNOVATION innovation is to develop the
entrepreneurial spirit within
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In recent years, the subject of organizational boundaries, thus
corporate entrepreneurship/corporate allowing an atmosphere of innovation
innovation has become quite popular, to prosper.
though very few people thoroughly
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understand the concept.
Most researchers agree that
the term refers to entrepreneurial
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activities that receive organizational
sanction and resource commitments
for the purpose of innovative results..
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DEFINING THE
CONCEPT OF
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CORPORATE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AND INNOVATION
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Operational definitions of In this context, corporate
corporate entrepreneurship/corporate entrepreneurship centers on
innovation have evolved over the last reenergizing and enhancing the firm's
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35 years through scholar's work. For ability to acquire innovative skills and
example, one researcher noted that capabilities.
corporate innovation is a very broad
concept that includes the generation, Researcher Shaker A. Zahra observed
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development, and implementation of that corporate entrepreneurship may
new ideas or behaviors. be formal or informal activities aimed
at creating new businesses in
. An innovation can be a new product established companies through
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or service, an administrative system, product and process innovations
or a new plan or program that pertains market and developments.
to organizational members.
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These activities may take After a thorough analysis of the
place at the corporate, division entrepreneurship construct and its
(business), functional, or project dimensions, recent research has
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levels, with the unifying objective of defined corporate entrepreneurship as
improving a company's competitive a process whereby an individual's (or
position and financial performance, a group of individuals), in association
William D, Guth and Ari Ginsberg with an existing organization, creates
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have stressed that corporate a new organization or instigates
entrepreneurship encompasses two renewal or innovation within the
major phenomena: new venture organization.
creation within existing
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organizations and the
transformation of organizations
through strategic renewal
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Under this definition,
strategic renewal (which is
concerned with organizational renewal
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involving major strategic and/or
structural changes), innovation
(which is concerned with introducing
something new to the marketplace),
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and corporate venturing (corporate
entrepreneurial efforts that lead to the
creation of new business organizations
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within the corporate organization) are
Created by
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all important and legitimate parts of
the corporate entrepreneurship
process.
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