INTRODUCTION TO

MATERIAL TESTING

SUBMITTED BY,
NIKHILA K
Contents

► Overview
► Introduction
► Objectives
► Types of testing
► Challenges
► Conclusion
What is material testing?

• Process of evaluating and analyzing the properties,

characteristics, and behavior of materials.
• To ensure they meet specified standards or
requirements.
• Involves subjecting materials to various conditions,
loads, or environments.
Objectives of material testing

• Quality assurance
• Performance evaluation
• Safety assurance
• Cost reduction
• Durability assessment
• Material selection
Types of material testing

1. Destructive material testing:

• Involves subjecting a material to external forces that result in permanent changes to
the material.
• To understand how the material behaves under specific stresses, loads, or
environmental conditions.

2. Non- destructive material testing:

• That does not involve force to break or deform a test specimen.
• Used to determine the properties, integrity, and characteristics of materials without
deformation.
Types of Destructive material testing
1. Tensile test
• To determine how the material will react when it is pulled
apart.
• Simplest and most widely used.

► Procedure:

• Specimen is mounted into the testing machine.

• Axial load is applied and gradually increased.
• The elongation is noted.
• The stress-strain curve is generated to illustrate the material's
behavior under tensile loading.
2. Compression test

• Used to determine the compressive strength and behavior of

a material under squeezing forces.
• To understand how a material withstands forces that tend to
crush or compact it.

► Procedure:

• Mount the specimen into the testing machine.

• Compressive load is applied axially to the specimen and
gradually increased.
• Deformation is noted
• Stress- strain curve is generated.
3. Hardness test

• Used to assess a material's resistance to deformation,

scratching, or indentation.
• Provides valuable information about the material's strength,
wear resistance, and suitability for various applications.

► Types of hardness test:

1. Rockwell hardness test:

• Measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large
load (major load) and a smaller load (minor load).
2. Brinell hardness test:

• Measures the diameter of the indentation produced by a spherical indenter under a

known load.
• Commonly used for softer metals and materials with coarse grain structures.

3. Vickers hardness test:

• Measures the size of the indentation produced by a square-based pyramidal diamond

indenter under a known load.
• Suitable for a wide range of materials, including metals, ceramics, and plastics.
4. Impact test

• Evaluates a material's ability to absorb energy under

dynamic loading conditions, simulating sudden impact or
shock.
• Assess a material's toughness, ductility, and resistance to
fracture under rapid loading.

► Types of impact test:

1. Charpy impact test:

• A notched specimen is placed horizontally, and a pendulum
swings down to strike the specimen.
• Widely used for metals, especially in the construction of
structures, bridges etc.
2. Izod impact test:

• Specimen is placed vertically, and the pendulum strikes the side of the specimen
opposite the notch.
• Commonly used for plastics and other non-metallic materials.
5. Bend test

• Used to assess a material's ductility and soundness by subjecting it to bending forces.

• Evaluate the material's ability to deform plastically without breaking or exhibiting
significant defects.
6. Creep test

• To assess a material's deformation behavior under sustained stress or constant load

over an extended period.
• Relevant for materials exposed to long-term stress.
• Helps to understand how materials undergo time-dependent deformation and
determine their long-term stability.
Types of Non-destructive material testing
1. Visual inspection
• The simplest method involves direct visual examination of the
material's surface.
• Enhanced with tools like magnifiers, borescopes, or cameras.

2. Magnetic particle testing

• Detects surface and near-surface flaws in ferromagnetic
materials.
• Magnetic particles are applied to the surface, and the presence
of magnetic field leakage indicates the presence of defects.
3. Ultrasonic Testing
• Utilizes high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws, measure thickness, and
assess material properties.
• Ultrasonic waves are sent through the material, and reflections are analyzed to
identify defects.

4. Radiographic Testing
• Involves the use of X-rays or gamma rays to create images of the internal structure of
materials.
• Variations in radiation absorption highlight defects, voids, or inconsistencies within the
material.
Challenges in material testing

• Cost constraint
• Non-destructive testing limitations
• Integration of new materials
• Harsh environmental conditions
• Long-term durability assessment
Conclusion

► Material testing is critical to ensure quality, reliability and safety.

► The most effective material testing can be used in industrial manufacturing using
destructive material tests.
► On other hand, non-destructive tests allow inspections without any deformation.
► By incorporating both methods, we can comprehensively assess materials.
► As technology continues to grow, innovative techniques should be introduced to
enhance precision, efficiency and sustainability.
THANK YOU