Muscular System and

Digestive System in Human

Beings

Name : Harsh Manoj Sah &

Ayush Jitendra Kori
STD : VII
DIV : E
 Muscular System

 Muscles contract and relax as different parts of our body move.

 Muscles give our body a specific shape and posture.
 Muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required.
 Muscles are firmly attached to bones by means of tendons. When
muscles contract, there is movement at the joint and the bones move
either nearer to or away from each other.
 The action of muscles is necessary for all kinds of movements – from
the small movements of eyelids to those that demand great strength as
when chopping wood with an axe. We use muscles for various
movements like talking, laughing, walking, jumping, throwing, etc.
Do you know ?

 There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. Muscles contribute
almost 40% of the weight of a healthy adult human body. There are about 30
muscles in the human face. Our eyes, mouth and nose are encircled by small
muscles. Expressions like happiness, sadness, fear are expressed by the
movements of these muscles of the face.
 Two Categories of Muscles

1. Voluntary muscles: Working with our hands, walking, eating, etc. Are
functions that depend upon our will. Muscles used in these actions are called
voluntary muscles. For example, muscles in our arms and legs are voluntary
muscles.
2. Involuntary muscles: Various processes like breathing, blood circulation,
digestion are vital functions, i.e., they are essential for life. They do not
depend upon our will. The muscles of organs which carry out these
involuntary functions are called involuntary muscles. Functions of organs like
the stomach, intestine, heart are carried out in their own fixed manner by
involuntary muscles.
Types of Muscles

1. Skeletal muscles : The two ends of each of these muscles are attached to
two different bones.Examples of such muscles are muscles of the arms and
legs. Their movements are voluntary. They are also responsible for holding
the bones of the skeleton together and giving shape to our body.
2. Heart or cardiac muscles : These muscles bring about the contraction and
relaxation (beating) of the heart. Their movement is involuntary. Cardiac
muscles cause our heart to relax and contract continuously at a rate of
about 70 times per minute.
3. Smooth muscles : These muscles are present in the internal organs other
than the heart. For example, muscles of the stomach, intestine, blood
vessels, uterus, etc. Their movements are involuntary and slow. Various vital
functions of our body, of which we remain quite unaware, are carried out by
these special muscles.
Do you know ?

 The study of muscles is called myology. Contraction is the basic

property of muscles. The largest muscle of our body is in the thigh.
The smallest muscle is attached to a bone in the ear, called the
stapes.
Muscles in different parts of the body

 Muscles in our body always work in

groups. When some muscles contract,
other muscles of the same group,
relax. This is how muscles help in the
proper performance of the various
functions of our body.
 The muscle on the front of the bone in
our upper arm is called the biceps. The
muscle at the back is called the
triceps.
Always remember

 Muscles of our body must be strong and efficient. Our diet must include
proteins and carbohydrates in sufficient quantity for the proper growth and
repair of muscles. We must get regular exercise. It makes the muscles strong.
We must sit with a straight back, and not with the back hunched or bent.
Otherwise, gradually, changes occur in the structure of the vertebrae. Muscles
in the shoulder and back begin to hurt. Disorders of the vertebral column may
also arise.
 During exercise, movements of the heart muscles become more rapid.
Breathing, too, becomes faster, ensuring a sufficient supply of oxygen and
nutrients to various parts of the body.
Digestive System

 Conversion of food into a soluble form and its absorption into the blood is
called digestion.
 The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
The total length of alimentary canal is about 9 metres. Its main parts are the
mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum and anus. The salivary glands, liver and pancreas are the digestive
glands connected to the alimentary canal.
 Different organs of the digestive system systematically perform the function
of digestion. There are different stages in the process of digestion of food and
at each stage there is a different organ of the digestive system which
performs its specific role. Let us study the structure and function of each
organ of the digestive system.
Learn a new word

 Enzymes are substances secreted in the body of an

organism, which bring about specific chemical reactions.
They act as catalysts. Digestive enzymes of the digestive
system bring about changes in the food materials.
Metabolic processes are impossible without enzymes.
Enzymes are a specific type of proteins. They are most
active at normal body temperature.
 Teeth

The process of digestion begins with the function of the teeth in the mouth.
There are four types of teeth, namely, incisors, canines, pre-molars and molars.
Each type of tooth has a specific function. Each tooth is covered by a hard
substance called enamel. Enamel is made of a calcium salt.
 Saliva contains an enzyme called ptyalin or salivary amylase. Ptyalin converts
starch into a sugar called maltose.
Digestive System
Mouth
Salivary glands
Pharynx/Throat
Oesophagus

Pancreas

Liver Stomach

Small intestine
Large intestine

12.5 Digestive System

Mouth

 Digestion
of food begins in the mouth. Food is
chewed with the help of teeth into very small
pieces.
Pharynx/Throat

 Theoesophagus and trachaea open into the

pharynx.
Liver

 The liver is the largest gland in the body. It has a rich supply of blood. Its
main function is storage of glucose. The gall bladder is situated below the
liver. It stores the bile, the digestive juice secreted by the liver. When bile is
carried into the small intestine, it mixes with the food there and helps in the
digestion of fats. Bile contains bile salts.
 Small Intestine

 The small intestine is about 6m long. Most of the digestion and absorption of
food takes place here.Three different digestive juices are mixed with the
food in the small intestine. Absorption into the blood, of nutrients obtained
by the digestion of food, also occurs in the small intestine.
Large Intestine

 The large intestine is about 1.5m long. Only water is absorbed in the large
intestine. A small part called the ‘appendix’ is attached to the first part of
large intestine. Undigested remains of the food digested in the small intestine
enter the large intestine.Undigested material is thrown out of the body
through the anus.
Stomach

 The large sac-like part of the alimentary canal is called the stomach. The
gastric glands of stomach secrete gastric juice. Food that has entered
stomach is churned. Three components of gastric juice, namely,hydrochloric
acid, pepsin and mucus are mixed with food here and it become acidic.
Mainly proteins are digested in the stomach. Due to the churning and the
action of gastric juice, food becomes a semi-solid slurry which is slowly
pushed into the small intestine.
Pancreas

 Thepancreas secretes the pancreatic juice that

contains various enzymes.
Oesophagus

 It is a tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach. It pushes the food
towards the stomach.
Salivary Glands

 Saliva is produced in the salivary glands in the mouth cavity, located in front
of the ears, near the pharynx and below the tongue. It is carried to the mouth
via ducts. It is mixed with food during the process of chewing.
Important Glands of the Digestive
System, their Secretions and Functions
Are we putting our health at risk?

 Physical health is extremely important in personality development. When all

our organ systems function properly, we say that we are in good health.
However, harmful habits like smoking, chewing of tobacco, drinking alcohol
affect our health adversely.
Effects of tobacco, alcohol, smoking, on
the digestive system

 If we consume any tobacco products, the mouth, pharynx, alimentary canal

and other organs of the digestive system cannot function properly. It causes
problems like vomiting, nausea, and headache. Besides, tobacco particles
stick to teeth, gums and skin of the mouth cavity and slowly cause injury to
those parts resulting in their dysfunction. This causes swelling of the gums
and pain when moving the jaws. The pharynx and intestine become inflamed
and the condition further progresses into cancer leading to death.
 My Role

Making pictures and slogans against tobacco consumption, smoking, drinking

alcohol, etc. And displaying them in the classroom and the neighbourhood.
Keeping a watch on whether one’s surroundings are tobacco-free.
 Composing an oath against addiction and taking the oath in the class and also
during assembly.
 Making parents and teachers aware of such instances in the neighbourhood.
Important Days

Thank You