RETENTION IN
COMPLETE DENTURE
Presented by – SWETA RANI
Guided by- DR. SINDHU MAM
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES IN
IMPRESSION MAKING
RETENTION
CONTENTS FACTORS AFFECTING
RETENTION
METHODS FOR
ENHANCING
RETENTION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
“Complete Dentures” prosthodontics or Full
denture prosthetics is defined as “The
replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and
their associated parts byartificial substitutes”-
GPT.
Complete denture is defined as “ A dental
prosthesis which replaces the entire dentition and
associated structures of the maxilla and
mandible” -
GPT.
It can be classified as,
. Removable complete dentures
. Fixed complete dentures
Generally complete dentures are fabricated for
geriatric patients.
20XX presentation title 3
IMPRESSION AND OBJECTIVES IN IMPRESSION
MAKING
• “A complete denture impression is a negativeregistration of the entire denture bearing, stabilizing and
border seal areas present in the edentulousmouth.”- GPT.
Impression making is the primary step in the process of complete denture fabrication.
Impressions are made to produce a negative replica of
the patient’s mouth into which plaster or stone
can be poured to form the positive replica—the
cast.
The cast acts as a template over which the
CD is fabricated. Errors in impression making can
lead to treatment failure.
There are different objectives in impression making:-
RETENTION
STABILITY
SUPPORT
PRESERVATION OF RESIDUALSTRUCTURES
AESTHETICS
RETENTION
• It is defined as “That quality inherent in the prosthesis which resists the force of gravity,
adhesiveness of foods, and the forces associated with the opening ofthe jaws”- GPT.
• Retention is the ability of the denture to withstand displacement against its path of
insertion.
The process of obtaining denture retention begins with impression making. Factors that
attaches the denture to mucosa affects the retention. Outcome of complete denture
retention depends on –
Occlusal Surface.
Polished Surface.
Impression Surface.
20XX presentation title 5
Factors affecting Retention
. Anatomical factors.
. Physiological factors.
. Physical factors.
. Mechanical factors.
. Muscular factors
20XX presentation title 6
ANATOMICAL FACTORS
• SIZE OF THE DENTURE
BEARING AREA
• QUALITY OF THE DENTURE
BEARING AREA
20XX presentation title 7
ARCH SIZE
Retention increases
with increase in size of the denture-bearing
area. The size of the maxillary denture-
bearing
area is about 24 cm2 and that of mandible is
about
14 cm2. Hence, maxillary dentures have
more
retention than mandibular dentures
(a) Maxillary denture-bearing area: 24 cm2
20XX presentation title
(b) 8
Mandibular denture-bearing area: 14 cm2
QUALITY OF DENTURE BEARING AREA
The displaceability
of the tissues influences the retention of
the denture. Tissues displaced during impression
making will lead to tissue rebound during denture
use, leading to loss of retention
20XX presentation title 9
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Saliva
The viscosity of saliva determines retention .
Thick and ropy saliva gets accumulated between
the tissue surface of the denture and the
palate leading to loss of retention.
Thin and watery saliva can also lead to compromised
retention.
Cases with ptyalism can lead to gagging and
in patients with xerostomia, dentures can produce
soreness and irritation.
20XX presentation title 10
PHYSICAL FACTORS
The various physical factors which affect
retention, are:
. Adhesion.
. Cohesion.
. Interfacial surface tension.
. Capillarity or capillary attraction.
. Atmospheric pressure and peripheral seal.
20XX presentation title 11
ADHESION
It is defined as “The physical attraction of unlike molecules to one
another.”- GPT.
The role of saliva is very important for adhesion.
Saliva wets the tissue surface of the denture and the mucosa.
A thin film of saliva is formed
between the denture and the tissue surface. This
thin film helps to hold the denture to the mucosa.
The amount of adhesion present is proportional
to the denture base area. More the surface area , more is the
adhesive forces.
In patients with xerostomia, adhesion does not
play a major role.
Schematic representation showing adhesion
between the saliva and tissues (black arrows) and the
adhesion between the saliva and the denture base (green
arrows)
20XX presentation title 12
COHESION
It is defined as “ The physical
attraction of like molecules for each other”.
The cohesive forces act within the thin film of
saliva. The effectiveness of these forces increase
with increase in denture-bearing area.
Watery serous saliva can form a thinner film and is
more cohesive than thick mucous saliva
Schematic representation showing cohesive
forces within the saliva (green arrows)
20XX presentation title 13
INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION
It is defined as “ The
tension or resistance to separation possessed by the
film of liquid between two well-adapted surfaces”-
GPT.
These forces are found within the thin film of
saliva separating the denture base from the
tissues.
This film of saliva tends to resist the displacing
forces, which tend to separate the denture
from the tissues.
It plays a major role in the retention
of a maxillary denture.
It is totally dependent
on the presence of air at the margins of liquid
and solid contact (liquid air interface).
20XX presentation title 14
A liquid drop placed between two glass slabs
prevents the separation of the slabs due to the action
of The same assembly when placed under water,
forces of surface tension: (green arrows) at the air- will lose its surface tension due to the loss of its air-
water water
interface (black arrows) interface
Stefan proposed a formula to calculate the
interfacial surface tension.
20XX presentation title 15
Surface tension Surface tension
present in the lost in the mandibular
maxillary denture
denture due to the loss of the air-
saliva
interface at the denture
border
20XX presentation title 16
Stefan proposed a formula to calculate the
interfacial surface tension. According to Stefan’s formula
3× 3.14 × Kr4
F=2×v
H3
where
F - interfacial surface tension.
k - viscosity of the interposed liquid (saliva).
r - denture surface area.
h - the width of the space between the denture
base and the mucosa.
V - the velocity of the displacing force.
F decreases with the increase in h.
Increase in r increases the F.
20XX presentation title 17
To obtain maximum interfacial surface
tension:
. Saliva should be thin and even.
. Perfect adaptation should be present
between the tissues and the denture base.
. The denture base should cover a large area.
. There should be good adhesive and cohesive
forces, which aid to enhance interfacial
surface tension
20XX presentation title 18
CAPILLARITY OR CAPILLARY ATTRACTION
It is defined as,
“That quality or state, because of surface tension
causes elevation or depression of the surface of a
liquid that is in contact with a solid”-GPT.
A liquid tends to rise in a capillary tube by
maximizing its contact along the walls of the
tube at the interface between the liquid and
glass.
When there is close adaptation between the
denture and the mucosa, the thin film of saliva
tends to flow and increase its surface contact
thereby increasing the retention.
20XX presentation title 19
Factors that aid to improve capillary
attraction:
o . Closeness of adaptation of denture base to
soft tissue.
o . Greater surface of the denture-bearing area.
o . Thin film of saliva should be present.
20XX presentation title 20
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE &
PERIPHERAL SEAL
o Peripheral seal is the area of contact between the peripheral borders of the denture and the
resilient-limiting structures.
This peripheral seal prevents air entry between the denture surface and the soft tissue.
Hence, a low pressure is maintained within the space between the denture and the soft tissues.
o To achieve good peripheral seal, the denture borders should rest on soft and resilient tissues.
Such tissues allow the movement of the mucosa along with the denture base during function
thus constantly maintaining peripheral seal.
o When displacing forces act on the denture, a partial vacuum is produced between the denture
and the soft tissues, which aids in retention. This property is called the natural suction of a
denture. Hence, atmospheric pressure is referred to as emergency -retentive force or temporary
restraining force.
Retention produced by an atmospheric pressure is directly proportional to the denture base area.
20XX presentation title 21
Diagram showing the action of the forces of
atmospheric pressure against the downward displacement
of a maxillary denture
MECHANICAL
FACTORS
The various mechanical factors, which
aid in
retention, are:
. Undercuts.
. Retentive springs.
. Magnetic forces.
. Denture adhesives.
. Suction chambers and suction discs.
20XX presentation title 23
UNDERCUTS
Unilateral undercuts
aid in retention
while bilateral a) Inserting a maxillary denture into the
undercut of the labial sulcus (b) After placing the labial
undercuts will interfere flange
within the undercut the posterior part of the denture is
with adapted towards the tissues. The arrow indicates that the
unilateral anterior undercut will behave like a retentive zone
denture insertion and (that prevents the downward displacement of the denture)
require surgical
correction
20XX presentation title 24
MAGNETIC FORCES
Intramucosal magnets
aid in increasing
Intraoral magnet retained dentures
retention of highly-
resorbed
ridges.
20XX presentation title 25
DENTURE
ADHESIVES
They are available as creams
or gels or powders. They should be coated
on the
tissue surface before wearing the denture
20XX presentation title 26
MUSCULAR FACTOR
The muscles apply supplementary
retentive forces on the denture.
There is a balance between
the forces acting from the buccal
musculature and the tongue. This balance Posterior teeth arrangement in the neutral zone in
is obtained in the neutral order to prevent the action of muscular de-stabilizing forces
zone. on the denture
Hence, the artificial teeth should be
arranged in the neutral zone to achieve the
best retention possible. The occlusal plane
should be parallel to the residual ridge and
divide the inter arch space equally.
20XX presentation title 27
summary
Though complete denture
retention is a complex
phenomenon ,it is every
patient’s invariable need at the
prosthesis stays firm and
stable during function and
hence every possible attempt
is made by dentist to acheive
it.
20XX presentation title 28
References
1. https://uomus.edu.iq/img/lectures21/MUCLecture_2022_122318295.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Darvell/publication/12277826_Prosthetics_Th
2.
e_physical_mechanisms_of_complete_denture_retention
3. PROSTHODONTICS TREATMENT FOR EDUNTULOUS PATIENT BY BOUCHER
4. TEXTBOOK OF PROSTHODONTICS BT T.V. PADMANABHAN AND V.
RANGARAJAN
