Introduction to
0 bj ect-Oriented
Programming
Prese nted By :
Krisha n Pa l
Singh
JDAT
O bject-Orient ed Programmin g
• OOP was introduced to overcome flaws in
the procedural approach to programming.
• Such as lacl< of reusability &
maintainability.
• Fun damental idea behind object-oriented
languages is to combine into a single unit
both data and the functions th a t operate
o n t h at data .
• Such a unit is called an o bject .
Object-Orie nted Programming
• In OOP, problem is divided into the number of
entities called object s and then builds data
and functions around these objects.
• It ties the data more closely to the functions
that operate on it, and protects it from
accidental mod ification from the outside
functions.
• Data of an object can be accessed only by
the functions associated with th at object .
• Commun ication of the objects done
through function .
Object-Orie nted Programming
-...
Fig 3: Object-Oriented
paradigm
Object-Oriented Programming
Ch aracte ristics :
• Empl1asis on da ta rather than proced ure.
• Programs are divided in to en tities known as objects.
• Data Structures are d esigned such tha t t hey characterize
objects.
• Functions that operate on da ta of an object are
tied together in da ta structures.
• Data is hid den and cann ot be accessed by
external functions.
• Objects comm unicate with each other through
fun ctions.
• New da ta and functions can be easily added
whenever necessary.
• Follows bottom up d esign in program design .
Bottom up approach
• Reverse top-down approach.
• Lower level tasks are first carried out and are
then integrated to provide the solution of a single
program.
• Lower level st ructures of th e program are
evolved first then higher level stru ctures are
created.
• It promotes code reuse.
• It may allow unit testing.
Basic Co ncepts of o o ps
i. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data Abstraction
4. Data Encapsulation
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Dynam ic bind ing
8. Message Passing
Objects
Operation
Operation Att ribu te s O peration
Opera tion
Objects
• Objects are the basic run-time entities of
an object oriented system.
• They may represent a person, a place or
any item that the program must handle .
• Example:
Fig 4: Represen tation of
object.
Objects
• When a program is executed , the
object s interact by sending messages to
one another.
• For e.g. if "customer" and "account" are
two objects in a program, then the
customer
object may send a message to the account
object requesting for the bank balance.
• Each object contains data, and code to
manipulate the data.
Classe s
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Class
Why Do We Ne ed Object-Oriented
Program ming?
• Object-Oriented Programming was
developed because limitations were discovered
in earlier approaches to programmi ng.
•
• To appreciate what OOP does, we need to
understan d what these limitation s are and how t hey
arose from traditional
programming languages.
Classes
• Classes are user-defined data types and it
behaves like built in types of
programming language.
• Object contains code and data which can be
made user define type using class.
• Objects are variables of class.
• Once a class has been defined we can
create any number of objects for th at class.
• A class is collections of objects of
similar type.
Procedure-Oriented Programm ing
• C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages
are proced ural languages.
• Each statemen t in the language tells the com puter
to do something:
- get some input
- add these numbers
- d ivide by 6
- display that output
• A program in a proced ural language is a list of
instruction s.
Procedure-Oriented Programm ing
Division into Fun ctions:
• Procedural program is divid ed into functions
• Each function has a clearly defined purpose and
a clearly defmed interface to the other functions
in t he program.
• The idea of breaking a program into functions
can be further extend ed by grou ping a nu mber of
functions together into a larger entity called a
module .
Procedure-Oriented Programm in g
Division int o Functions:
Main Progr:un
J-unct ion I f unct ion f unct ion
2 3
"-.. "-.. /
Funct ion 4 Funct ion
..........._ 5
/ . ' --............
Fune I ion o Funet ion 7 .
Function 1!
Fig i : Structure of Procedure-Oriented
Programming
Procedure-Ori ented Programm in g
• In Multi-function program important data
items are placed as global so that they
may be accessed by all functions.
• Each function may have its own local data.
Global d ta Global da ta Global d a ta
Func Func i Functi Functi
ion on on on
Fig 2 : Procedural
p aradigm
Procedure-Oriented Programm ing
Drawback s :
• Since every function has complete access to the
global variables, the new progra m mer cai1 corrupt
the data accidentally by creating function.
• We can access the data of one function from other
since, there is no protection.
• In large program it is very difficu lt to identify what data
is used by which function.
• Similarly, i f new data is to be added, all the
function needed to be modified to access the data.
• Does not model real world problem very well.
Procedure-Oriented Programm ing
Characteristics :
• Emphasis is on doing things (algorith ms).
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs
known as functio ns .
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Data move openly arou nd the system from function to
function.
• Functions tra nsform data from one form to another.
• Employs top-down ap proach in program design.
Top-Down Approach
• Top-down decomposi tion is the process of breaking t he
overall procedure or task into component parts (mod ules)
and then su bd ivide each component module until the
lowest level of detail has been reached.
• Example :The payroll system of a company can contain
the following mod ules or tasks
- Master fiJ e
- Earnings
- Deductions
- Taxing
- Net earning
- Print reports
