Group 1

Electrical Power
[Link]-1 [Link]-11 II.E P-21
[Link]-2 [Link]-12 II.E P-22
[Link]-3 [Link]-13 II.E P-23
[Link]-4 [Link]-14 II.E P-24
[Link]-5 [Link]-15 II.E P-25
[Link]-6 [Link]-16 II.E P-26
[Link]-7 [Link]-17 II.E P-28
[Link]-8 [Link]-18 II.E P-29
[Link]-9 [Link]-19 II.E P-30
[Link]-10 [Link]-20 II.E P-31
Wood and
wood working
(Carpentry)
Table of contents
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 advantages of timber
• 13.3 Classification of trees
• 13.4 Types of wood
• 13.5 Structure of a timber tree
• 13.6 Conversion of timber
• 13.7 Seasoning of timber
• 13.8 Defects in timber
• 13.9 Characteristics of good timber
Introduction
Carpentry and Joinery
Joinery – Construct desired two materials without the use
of metal fasteners like screws, nails etc.
e.g. making of doors, windows, cupboards for a building

Carpentry – Create and fix items obtained by joining on

site with the use of metal fasteners
e.g. works of roofs, floors, partitions
Types of carpentry
1. Rough carpentry
2. Joister carpentry
3. Trim carpentry
4. Cabinet carpentry
5. Ship carpentry
6. Framer carpentry
7. Roofer carpentry
Rough carpentry
Joister Carpentry
Trim carpentry
Cabinet carpentry – making cabinets
and drawers
Ship carpentry – building boats and
ships
Framer carpentry – puts together the
main structural elements of a frame
Roofer carpentry – roof
construction and focuses on setting
up rafters and beams
Essential materials for carpentry and
joinery
Measure tape Utility knife

Hammer Try square

Level Chisel
 Basic component in both carpentry
and joinery – Timber
• It is obtained from exogeneous trees by cutting
these trees after their full growth.
• Wood is available in nature in the form of trees.
• Useful part o the tree is cut and is converted into
timber.
• Trunk is the most useful part of the tree.
Advantages of
timber
 Easy to work on it
Not like other materials, it can easily cut
and join.
 Lighter in weight
It is lighter than concrete, cement etc. so it
saves time and can do more work.
 Low cost
Lower price than other construction
appliances.
 Easily available
Can obtained from trees.
Good strength
Long lasting properties.
Non conductor of heat
Not combustible and do not conduct
electricity.
Sound proof in nature
 Fairy good resale value
It can recycle and has good resale value.

 It is very suitable for doors, windows and

furniture work.

Good response to polishing and painting.

Classification of trees
 Trees

Endogenous
Exogeneous trees
trees
 Exogeneous trees
The exogenous trees are those which
grow outward from the centre adding
almost concentric layers of fresh
wood every year known as annual
rings.
Deodar Chir Babool

Neem

Pine Mango
Endogenous Trees
The endogenous
trees are those,
which grow inward.
Bamboos Cane

Palms
Types of wood
 Wood

Soft wood Hard wood

 SOFT WOOD
• This belongs to narrow leaves trees.
 Light in weight.
 Light in colour.
 Fibres are generally coarse but
straight.
 Colour of the sapwood is not different
than heart wood.
 Examples are deodar, pine, chir, kail
etc.
 HARD WOOD
o This belongs to board leaves trees.

 Comparatively heavy.
 Dark in colour.
 Having more strength than soft wood.
 Fibres are fine grained , compact and often found very straight.
 These are equally strong both along and across the fibres.
 Examples are Teak, Shisham, Sal, Mango, Neam, Mahogany.
Structure of
a timber tree
Important parts
[Link] or Medulla
[Link] Wood
[Link] Wood
[Link] Layer
[Link] or Cortex
[Link] Rays
[Link] Rings
Pith or Medulla
• Dark central part of a tree
• Feeds the sap from the roots to the growing tree
• Annual rings are added this every year

Heart Wood
• Partition surrounding the pith
• Carries less moisture than in the sap wood surrounding it
• Harder, darker and stronger than the sap wood
Sap Wood
• Part of the trunk between the heart wood and cambium layer
• Light in weight, softer and weaker part
• Used as a fuel wood

Cambium Layer
• Rings adjacent to the bark
• Having cellular structure and after converted into sapwood

Bark or Cortex
• Outer surface of a tree(acts a cover for the inner portion-bark)
• Protects the tree from insects and frosts
• Having a fibrous construction
Medullary Rays
• The radial fibres running between the pith and cambium layer
• Cellular construction
• Help in binding the annual rings together to provide a solid structure
• Sap food to the growing part of the tree is supplied through them

Annual Rings
• The concentric layers of wood around the pith
• One layer id added to the trunk of the tree(every year)
Conversion
(Sawing) of tim-
ber
Conversion

Conversion means sawing of timber

logs into different markets or
commercial sizes.
Suitable shrinkage allowances are
kept while sawing the timber.
Seasoning
of timber
What is seasoning?
The process of removing moisture from the
freshly cut trees are known as seasoning.

If this excess or unwanted moisture is not

dried, it creates lot of problems like shrinkage,
warping twisting etc.
 Advantages of seasoning
1. Durability and strength is increased.

2. Workability is improved.

3. Weight is reduced.

4. Distortion is minimized.

5. Surface finish is improved.

6. Resistance to fire is increased.

7. Its ability for polishing and painting is improved.

Seasoning methods

Natural or air seasoning

Water seasoning

Kiln seasoning
Natural or air seasoning

 Boards are stacked onto each other.

 They are not directly exposed to sun
and rain but free circulation of air
takes place through them.
 Stacked boards or balks should be
turned upside down so as to
accelerate the rate of dying.
 This gives the best result and
cheapest also, but the time required
is very large.
Water seasoning
 The wooden pieces are immersed in water for about one month. Sap is reduced
from the wood. It is done by water itself. After it, air seasoning is done.
Kiln seasoning
 Quickest process.
 Timber barks are stacked over
trolleys and are taken into hot
chamber or oven called Kilns.
 Heat is given with the help of
heating coils and steam jets.
 Blowers are also used.
 This method is fast but quality
of timber obtained is inferior.
 Expenditures are also more.
Defects in Timber
Causes of Defects Timber

1. Defects due to Natural Forces.

2. Defects due to Attack by insects.

3. Defects due to Fungi.

4. Defects due to Defective Seasoning.

5. Defects due to Defective Conversion.

Knots
Knot is the centre of irregular grown part of the tree. The
fibre cell of tree is warping around it and the normal
shape of the internal structure is disturbed. This offers
difficulty in working and reduces the strength of wood. It
is a natural defect. Knots are of two types:

1. Live knot

2. Dead knot
Classified according to their shape as:
1. Circular Knot
2. Irregular Knot
3. Symmetrical Knot
4. Oval Knot
5. Line Knot
6. Group Knot
Shakes
When tree is not cut even
after full maturity, the
cohesion between the wood
grains is lost causing radial
or circular ruptures in tissues
and create cavities which are
known as shakes.
1. Heart Shakes
2. Ring Shakes
3. Twisted Shakes
4. Peripheral Shakes
Twisted Fibres
By strong winds, the fibres of the wood
are twisted. The trees on the hills are most
affected by this defect
Rind Gall
These are curved
swelling formed on the
body of a tree. It
generally appears where
branches are cut or
irregularly broken. This
defect is developed
during the growth of a
tree.
 Distortion
If seasoning of wood is not uniform or wood is sawn into thinner sections,
distortion takes place in the sawn section due to shrin-kage Common defects
like twisting, bowing, cupping. wind, crook, warping etc. appears.
 Honey Combing

This defect is caused during seasoning

of wood. If interior wood dries quicker
than external, stresses are developed
causing circular or radial cracks, which
are known as, honey combing
Case Hardening
It is also an effect of
uneven drying during
seasoning. If outer
portion dries quicker
than internal causing
shrinkage in outer tissues
resulting hardening of
the outer surface.
Dry Rot
This defect is caused by fungus on the dry wood. It changes the timber
into dry powder.
Wet Rot

This defect is caused by

the attack of fungi on
the living trees.
Characteristics of good timber

Date
 Characteristics of good timber
• Cheap and easily available
• Strong
• Easily workable
• From the heart of the tree and free from sap
• Free from natural defects like knots, shakes ,twisted fibres
• Free from insects and fungi
• Properly seasoned
• Should not split when nails are driven in it
• Should not produce bad smell during working
• Having good fire resistance
• Surface finish produce by wood should be good
• Having good response to polish and paints