HYPOTHESES
DEFINITION
TYPES
FORMULATION
MR. NAGESH V A ASSIT PROFESSOR SDMIONS
NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
It can be tested – verifiable
Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
It is neither too specific nor to general
It is a prediction of consequences
It is considered valuable even if proven false
DEFINITIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
“Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent
variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
“It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the
relationship between two or more variables.”
“Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, an they
relate, either generally or specifically , variables to variables
RESEARCH or ALTERNATIVE--A statement
of the expectations of the researcher concerning the
relationships of the variables under study H1
NULL OR STATISTICAL--states that there is
no relationship among the variables HO
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL
NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS
DIRECTIONAL
NULL VERSUS RESEARCH
1.SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS: It is a statement that reflects the
relationship between two variables.
Ex. The lower the level of hemoglobin .the higher the risk of
infection among postpartum women.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS: The relationship between more
than two variables.
Ex. Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and house
in rural area. than those who are younger and house in urban area.
2.ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL
ASSOCIATIVE samples says that there is a relationship.
Ex. X is related to Y ( mother is related daughter)
CAUSAL states that there is a cause-and-effect relationship
between variables
X is caused by Y (smoking and cancer)
3.NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS DIRECTIONAL
NON-DIRECTIONAL states that a relationship exists but
does not further describe the nature of the relationship.
Ex. X and Y will be related (no explanation)
DIRECTIONAL hypothesis exists the interaction between
two or more variables such as positive ,negative, higher,
lower.
Ex. There is a positive relationship between years of nursing
experience and job satisfaction among nurses.
4.NULL VERSUS RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A NULL HYPOTHESIS states that there is no relationship
between variables; also called a statistical hypothesis
A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS states that there is a
relationship between two or more variables
HYPOTHESIS TESTING IS A FOUR-
STEP PROCEDURE:
1. Stating the hypothesis (Null or Alternative)
2. Collecting data
3. Setting the criteria for a decision
4. Evaluate the Null hypothesis
TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS
Should be ‘testable’ in the real world
Variable are clearly measured and able to be
manipulated
Relationship between variables is supported or not
Causal link between the independent and dependent
variable is evaluated using statistical tests
HOW TO FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
Written before starting the study
components
Dependent and independent variables.
Nature of relationship between Dependent and independent
variables.
Subjects in population being studied.
The level of significance for accepting /rejecting the hypothesis.
Should be declarative sentence& present tense.
Should be restricted to six (confusion , more analysis)
Stated in empirically (experienced) testable form (verifiable)
WELL STATED HYPOTHESIS
There is a significant positive correlation between
years of experience and level of nurses job
satisfaction.
“A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self
Instructional Module (SIM) on the knowledge of
Arterial Pressure Monitoring (APM) among the
nurses working in Critical Care Units of SDM
Hospital Dharwad.
Cont..
H1 :The mean post test knowledge scores of the nurses
exposed to Self Instructional Module (SIM) will be
significantly greater than their mean pretest knowledge
scores at 0.05 level of significance.
H2: There will be a statistically significant association
between pre-test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
ASSUMPTIONS
Are statements that are taken for granted or are
considered true, even though they have not been
scientifically tested.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ASSUMPTIONS
&HYPOTHESIS
ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS
Basically beliefs and ideas that Prediction
we hold to be true
Not statistically tested in statistically tested and may be
research accepted or rejected
The researcher attempt to Predicts a relation between
discover the correlation variables & Statically tested to
conclude the study
ASSUMPTIONS Ex …
1. Nurses have moderate knowledge regarding
Arterial Pressure Monitoring (APM).
2. Self Instructional Module (SIM) is an effective
self learning package for nurses to update their
knowledge.
DELIMITATIONS
Are boundaries set by the researcher before starting
the study to clearly define the scope of the
particular study
DELIMITATIONS – scope of study
Process of fixing limits or boundaries
Description of subjects
Description of variables
Description of tests, instruments, procedures
Description of special equipment
Type of training
Time and duration of study
Analytical procedures
LIMITATIONS
Refers to challenges faced by the researcher
beyond his or her control .
LIMITATIONS (weaknesses)
Restriction
Approach, design, method, techniques
Sampling problems
Uncontrolled variables
Errors in test administration or data handling
Generalization of data
Representativeness of subjects
Compromises to internal and external validity
Reliability and validity of research instruments
Type –I error (alpa –error) :The null hypothesis is
rejected .when it is true .
Type –II error (beta error): Null hypothesis is
accepted . When it is false.
