HINDU
LITERATURE
MONIC ROSE T. TALIP
CONTENTS
01. India 03. Hinduism Literature
02. Major Religious 03. Mahabharata
Traditions
India
World's 7th largest country located in South Asia.
Second most populous country.
About 3,000 km(1,856 mi) wide, shoreline about
7,000 km(4,350 mi) along Bay of Bengal.
India and Bharat are both official names.
Derives from Indus river used by Greek.
India civilization grew up in the Indus Valley 4000 to
2500 BC.
4 MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
1 HINDUISM
Adherent to proscription against
violence toward living things can
escape from the cycle of rebirth and
doctrine also form a basis for
vegetarian.
4 MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
2 JAINISM
Non-violence is a core
religious duty and followed
so strictly that the most
Orthodox devotes cover
their faces with mask to
prevent accidentally
harming insect.
4 MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
3 BUDDHISM
Non-violence is manifest
in the Buddha's
emphasis on
compassion and is also
part of the faith's moral
codes.
4 MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
4 SIKHISM
a monotheistic religion, and the basic Sikh belief is
represented in the phrase IK Onkar meaning "One
God".
- was found there in the Punjab region in
India in the 15th century by Guru Nanak Dev.
HINDUISM
Known as the oldest religion in the world.
Most dominant religion in India today.
About 80% of Indians are Hindus.
Most diverse and complex religion since it has a vast
gallery of gods and goddesses (as many as 330 million
gods)
LITERATURE
Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Jayashankar Prasad - introduced the black
verse in sonnet into Indian poetry.
Aranucala Kavi - developed a utilitarian prose style.
Madhusudan Dutt - wrote the 1st plays modeled on Western Drama.
sir Rabindranath Tagore - introduces the short story to vernacular writing in
India.
Iqbal - major poets of the period.
Sanskrit Literature - Oral Tradition produced the Vedic holy text.
Mahabharata and Ramayana - two great books, sources for countless
literary.
LITERATURE
Second01. Enter
Century AD subtitle
- Prakrits being used in literature.
Middle Ages Sanskrit - used in religious context by priesthood.
Ghazal - stylized form of lyrical folk song and notable exponents of the
form.
MACAULAY - established English-language schooling of Indians.
Enter and
Mahabharata subtitle
Ramayana - two great books, sources for countless
literary.
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History of Indian literature falls into 2 periods;
1. The Vedic Period
2. Sanskrit Period
THE VEDAS
Hindu text that constitutes the oldest layer of Sanskrit
literature amd oldest scripture of Hinduism.
The 4 Vegas:
1.RIGVEDA ( The Knowledge of Verses)
2.YAJURVEDA ( "yajus" meaning prose mantra)
3.SAMAVEDA ( from "saman" song)
4.ATHARVAVEDA ( Knowledge Storehouse)
RELIGIOUS WORKS
POETRY
The Rig Veda - sacred hymms
The Yajur Veda - knowledge and melodies
The Sama Veda - sacrifice
The Atharva Veda - magic spells and other folk
knowledge.
SPECULAR WORKS
EPICS BHAGAVAD GITA
The MAHABHARATA
RAMAYANA
DAMAYANTI
DRAMA
• The toy clay cart
• Sakuntala or The Fatal Ring
• The Jatakas
• The Pachantantara
• Romanorum
• The Hitopdesa
• The Sukasaptati
THE MAHABHARATA
THE MAHABHARATA
Is an epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the
Kaurava
and the Pandava princes. It also contains philosophical and
devotional material, such as a discussion of the four
"goals of life" or purusharthas. Mahabharata is the longest known
epic poem and has been described as
"the longest poem ever written". It is roughly ten times the length of
the Illiad and the Odyssey combined.
Kuruksherta War - also called Mahabharata War, is our
described in the Indian epic Mahabharata as a conflict that
arose from a dynastic succession is struggle between two
groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas, for the
throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru.
Kaurava - refers to the descendants of Kuru, a legendary
king who is the ancestor of many characters of the
Mahabharata. The well-known Kauravas are Duryodhana,
Dushasana, Vinarka, Yuyutsu and Dussala.
Pandava - are the five acknowledged sons of Pandu, by his
two wives Kunti who was of Yadhuvansh and Madri who
was the princess of Mandra.
The five brothers who are Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna,
Nakula and Sahadeva married the same woman named
Draupadi.
Together, the brothers fought and prevailed in a great war
against their cousins the Kauravas, which came to be
known as the Kurukshetra War.
SUMMARY
Mahabharata is a sacred epic poem that tells about the struggles
faced between two groups of cousins to gain supreme power. One of
them was the Kauravas (hundred sons of King Dhritarashtra), and the
other group was the Pandavas (five sons of Pandu). These two rival
families opposed each other in a war to gain possession of their
ancestral Bharata kingdom and also the capital, Hastinapur. The
story begins with Pandu, as the king, who was skilled in warfare and
archery.
His cousin-brother, Dhritarashtra, was the eldest, and
was barred from being the king because he was blind.
When the political and social affairs of the kingdom
were running smoothly under the power of Pandu, he
decided to hand over the state affairs to his blind
brother Dhritarashtra and retreated into the forest
with his two wives for some time. When they
returned, Pandu and his wife Madri were not alive.
Kunti, Pandu's other wife returned to the kingdom with her
five sons called the Pandavas. The sons were fathered by five
gods since a curse prevented Pandu from being a father. On
the other hand, King Dhritarashtra had 100 sons called
the Kauravas, and were considered human incarnations of
demons, according to the text. The Kauravas were jealous
and treated their cousins (the Pandavas) brutally.
Yudhisthira, the eldest of the Pandavas was the next king to
the throne since he was older than Duryodhana.
Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas did not
approve of this decision. Hostility and enmity started
developing among the cousins which compelled the
Pandavas to leave the kingdom. During their first exile,
the Kauravas conspired and plotted a plan to kill the
Pandavas by setting up fire in a mansion made with
highly flammable materials. Although this plan failed,
the Kauravas were desperate to destroy the Pandavas.
The Pandavas were tricked by Duryodhana's uncle, Shakuni
in a gambling game of dice, called Chaturanga. Yudhisthira
was invited to play and failed the game miserably by losing
his possessions and kingdom. Therefore, the Kauravas
viciously took advantage of the Pandavas and sent them on
exile for 12 years. This event prompted the war between the
Pandavas and the Kauravas. When the Pandavas returned
from their exile to the kingdom, Duryodhan (the eldest son
of the Kauravas) refused to restore the kingdom to his
cousins (the Pandavas) and was ready to battle for it.
Although the Pandavas requested a peace treaty, the
Kauravas disagreed with all their requests. This gives rise to
the battle of Kurukshetra, where the cousins fight each other.
Many kingdoms were allied with the Pandavas and with the
Kauravas in this battle. After 18 gruesome days of slaughter,
the Pandavas survived, and won the battle, but had lost their
near and dear ones too. After the war, Yudhishthira was
tested when he reached the gates of Heaven.
He was asked to choose between blissful eternity in
Heaven, without his brothers, or join his brothers in
hell. Unaware of the fact that his brothers were
already in Heaven, it was a trick to test the character of
Yudhisthira. He chose to stay with his brothers,
wherever they were.
THE END
