Nuclear Power: A Clean & Green Option

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited

S.K.AGRAWAL DIRECTOR (PROJECTS)

We need Energy

For Economic Growth To Improve Human Development To Protect Environment

Electricity is the most Preferred form of Energy

Convenient to Use Versatile Comparatively Safe at end-use Its demand is growing much faster than that for the Overall Energy

Electricity Consumption
Per-Capita Electricity Consumption has a direct relationship with Human Development

Energy Opulence and Energy Poverty

Per Capita Electricity Consumption kWh (2003)
14200 12200 10200
Kwh

13066

8200 6200 4200 2200 200 India World Average China

7007

7816

8044

2471 553

1379
South Korea Japan OECD USA

Options for Electicity Generation

Coal, Gas Hydropower, Nuclear Power, Oil and Renewables- biomass, wind energy, solar energy, etc

World Production of Electricity by the Fuel in 2002:

Source: OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook 2004

The Nuclear Power Option

Present Status (end 2006):

No of Units in Operation:439 Total Installed Capacity: 371671 (MWe) No of Units under Construction: 30 Total Installed Capacity: 23414
(Source: IAEA)

Reactors in Operation (Aug 8, 2007)

Source: IAEA

Nuclear Share of Electricity (end 2006)

Source: IAEA

Nuclear Energy Availability Factor %

Source: IAEA

Performance Trend- India

The Nuclear Power Advantage

Highly Concentrated Source of Energy

1

kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg

wood: 1 kWh coal: 3 kWh oil: 4 kWh uranium: 50 000 kWh

(3 500 000 kWh with reprocessing)

Advantages of Concentrated Source

Operation of a 1000 MW(e) plant will require each year:
Coal: Oil: Uranium:
2 600 000 t coal (2000 train cars of 1300 t each) 2 000 000 t oil (10 supertankers) 30 t uranium (One Truck Load)

Nuclear Power: a Compact Source

Typical Fossil and Nuclear sites: 14 km Solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV) parks: 2050 km (a small town)

Wind fields: 50150 km Biomass plantations: 40006000 km (a province)

The Nuclear Power Advantage

No Obnoxious Gases causing:

Global

Warming & Climate Change Acid Rain Hole in Ozone Layer Air Quality Degradation

Full Energy Chain CO2 Equivalent Emission Factors

1400

CO2 equivalents per kWh electric (gram of CO2)

1290 1234

1200 1000 860 800 600 890 686

460 400

410 279

200 0 4 30

75

11

30

116 37

Coal

Oil Natural gas Hydro Nuclear

Wind

Solar PV Biomass Source : IAEA Bulletin

CO2 Avoidance by Nuclear

If the electricity produced worldwide by nuclear reactors were instead generated by burning coal, an additional 2600 million tones of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere each year. This can be compared with the target of a 5% reduction (600 million tones per year) in carbon dioxide emissions by the year 2010, as agreed in 1997 at Kyoto just for the developed countries.

Radiation Doses
Life Threatening Dose is illustrated as height of Eiffel Tower, Dose limit for Occupational Worker as height of man Dose limit for public as thickness of a brick

DAILY WASTE GENERATION

Coal Fired Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Low

Ash (40 %) :2900 Te Fly Ash (2 %) : 58 Te Lead (50 ppm), Arsenic (10ppm), Uranium, Natural Thorium, Radium 226 present in ash. CO2 : 13680 Tones SO2 : 47 Tones CO : 12 Tones

level wastes : 0.7m3 Intermediate level wastes : 0.05m3 (Spent resins etc.) High level waste : 0.003m3 (Reprocessing for Pu & unused Uranium recovery) It is Vitrified, to be deposited in deep stable geological formation Gaseous effluent No toxic or green house gases. Some low level radioactive gases without public health significance. Total radiation dose received is less than 1% of the Natural background radiation level.

Waste Strategies
Atmosphere Radioactive Waste
Partial Removal to Solid Waste

Toxic Pollutants Volume Reduction Solid Waste Surveillance & Monitoring Shallow or Deep Ground Disposal

SO2

NOx

CO2 Shallow Ground Disposal

Dispersion Strategy

Confinement Strategy

The Nuclear Potential

Indias Nuclear Power Program

INDIAs THREE STAGE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMM E

Meeting the Nuclear Power Target

Three Stage Nuclear Power Program Closed Fuel Cycle First Stage has reached a level of maturity 540 MW and 700 MW reactors of Indigenous design Second Stage: 500 MW PFBR under construction 3rd Stage AHWR : Construction expected to start in next 1 to 2 years

PROPOSED XI PLAN STARTS - NPCIL MAJOR PROJECTS

Indigenous
Project 1. KAPP 3&4 (2X700 MWe PHWRs) 2. RAPP 7&8 (2X700 MWe PHWRs) 3. 7NP 5&6 4. 7NP 7&8 (2X700 MWe PHWRs) (2X700 MWe PHWRs) Construction Start 2008-09 2009-10 2011-12 Pre- Project

Imports
Project 1. KK 3&4 2. JAITAPUR 1&2 3. KK 5&6 4. LWR 11&12 5. JAITAPUR 3&4 Construction Start 2007-08 2008-09 2010-11 2010-11 2011-12

Nuclear Power Capacity Build-up (With XI Plan Proposals)

25000

20000

With international co-operation

14380

Indigenous and ongoing LWRs

15000

19780

12680

9280

7280

7280

7280

10000

7280

7280

7280

5000

0
05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18

3360

3360

4120

4120

4780

4780

5780

5780

6780

6780

7280

8680

10380

11780

13180

23180

N U C L E AR P OW E R P R OG R AMM E (C ap acity B u ild u p )

40380

45000

41180
37180

40000

4 0 ,0 0 0 M W e in a b o u t n e x t 1 0 y e a rs 4 0 ,0 0 0 M W e b y 2 0 2 0
29380

35000

29780 25780 26380 22380 20380

30380

30000

3 0 ,0 0 0 M W e b y 2 0 2 0
25000 MWe 23380

20000

2 0 ,0 0 0 M W e b y 2 0 2 0
13980

15000 10280 10000 5780 5000 3360 4120 6780 6780 8280

13380

14380

15380

16380

17780

17780

2 40001 1 8 0 20180 6800 20800 14000

10980

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Ye a r 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

18380

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.

Formed in 1987 for accelerated growth. Experience of 200 reactor years of operation. Authorized capital of around 3 billion US$ and assets of 6 billion US$ 12000 well trained man power. Projects costing around 5 billion US$ are under execution. Consistent profits of 350 to 400 million US$ every year.

Capability in Nuclear Power from mining to waste disposal Highly trained man power.

Highly Experienced industry for all type of work like Civil, Piping, Mechanical, Electrical for construction, supply and erection. Many experts in the nuclear field, who are working for IAEA for safety mission, preparation of codes and guides etc.

FINANCIAL CAPACITY
Current Reserves and Surpluses Rs 8,060 crores (US $ 1800 million) Additional Surpluses in next five years : Rs 10,300 crores (US $2300 million ) Debt Equity in future projects 2 : 1 Capacity to take up projects upto Rs 55,000 crores(US $12000 million Translates to additional capacity of about 10,000 MW

DESIGN FEATURES OF REACTOR CONTAINMENT

Effect of Site Characteristics on NPP 1. Natural Events (a) Seismic Consideration

Site should not lie in seismic zone V as per IS 1893 ( Part area of J&K , Uttaranchal , North east , Kutch etc.) rejection criteria No Capable fault within 5 Km - Seismotectonic evaluation needed rejection criteria All lineaments within 300 km radius are studied Evaluation for Liquefaction rejection criteria Effect of Tsunami

( b) Geological Considerations
Competent strata exist Adequate sub soil investigation ( 6 boreholes during siting) Seismic logging of foundation strata Evaluate for slope instability ( such as land slide , land erosion) Evaluate for existence of mines , oil wells , subsidence

(c) Flooding of Site

All historical rainfall , flood data examined Flooding due to precipitation Flooding due to up stream dam break Finished grade level higher than both these floods Coastal sites evaluated for combination of high tides , wind effects, wave run up Studies done at detailed Site Evaluation stage
1000 year return period daily rainfall evaluated from Annual

maximum daily rainfall series - 1000 year return period flood evaluated from annual maximum flood series - Design Basis Flood calculated from worst combination of events

(d) Extreme Meteorological Events

Two level of wind effects are considered - Severe wind 1000 year return period for design purpose - Extreme wind 10000 year return period for wind induced missiles Wind speed and wind rose Extreme temperatures

(e) Possibility of Shoreline erosion (f) Loss of ultimate heat sink Failure of down stream dam 7 days storage is provided

2.

Man Induced Events

Aircraft Crash - Screening Distance Values (SDV) are used

Distance from small airfields Distance from major airports Distance from military airfields More than 5 km. More than 8 km. More than 15 km.

THANK YOU