One
dimentional
motion
By: Hudaybergen Allayarov
Content of this Presentation
1. Dynamics.
2. Concept about position.
3. Quantities in Motion:
Displacement,
Vector and Scalar Quantities.
Displacement Isn’t Distance.
Velocity,
Accelaration.
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5. Relationship Between Acceleration and Velocity.
6. Instantaneous Velocity.
7. Free Falls.
Dynamics:
The branch of physics involving the motion of an object
and the relationship between that motion and other
physics concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics
In kinematics, you are interested in the description of motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion
Concept about position
Defined in terms of
a frame of reference
One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-
axis
Defines a starting point
for the motion
Reference frames
• Motion is relative
• When we say an object is moving,
we mean it is moving relative to
something else (reference frame)
Quantities of Motion
Any motion involves three concepts
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
These concepts can be used to study objects in motion
Displacement
Defined as the change in position
x xf xi
f stands for final and i stands for initial
May be represented as y if vertical
Units are meters (m) in SI, centimeters (cm) in cgs or feet (ft) in US
Customary
Displacement
Vector and Scalar Quantities. Displacement Isn’t Distance
o The displacement of an object is not the
o Vector quantities need both magnitude
same as the distance it travels
(size) and direction to completely o Example: Throw a ball straight up and
describe them
o Generally denoted by boldfaced type then catch it at the same point you
and an arrow over the letter released it
o + or – sign is sufficient for this chapter o The distance is twice the height
o Scalar quantities are completely o The displacement is zero
described by magnitude only
Velocity
o It takes time for an object to undergo a displacement
o The average velocity is rate at which the displacement oc
x xf xi
v average
t tf ti
o generally use a time interval, so let ti = 0
Velocity continued
Direction will be the same as the direction of the displacement
(time interval is always positive)
+ or - is sufficient
Units of velocity are m/s (SI), cm/s (cgs) or ft/s (US Cust.)
Other units may be given in a problem, but generally will need to be
converted to these
Acceleration
o Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an acceleration is present
o Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
v v f v i
a
t tf ti
o Units are m/s² (SI), cm/s² (cgs), and ft/s² (US Cust)
Average Acceleration
Vector quantity
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the same
(either positive or negative), then the speed is increasing
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the
opposite directions, the speed is decreasing
Instantaneous and Uniform Graphical Interpretation of
Acceleration Acceleration
● Average acceleration is the
The limit of the average acceleration as the time slope of the line connecting the
initial and final velocities on a
interval goes to zero
velocity-time graph
When the instantaneous accelerations are ● Instantaneous acceleration is the
always the same, the acceleration will be slope of the tangent to the curve
of the velocity-time graph
uniform
The instantaneous accelerations will all be
equal to the average acceleration
Speed
The average speed of an object is defined as
the total distance traveled divided by the total
time elapsed
total distance
Average speed
total time
d
v
t
Speed is a scalar quantity
Speed vs Velocity
Cars on both paths have the same average velocity since they had
the same displacement in the same time interval
The car on the blue path will have a greater average speed since
the distance it traveled is larger
Relationship Between Acceleration
and Velocity
Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same size)
Acceleration equals zero
Relationship Between
Acceleration and Velocity
Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same
length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
Positive velocity and positive acceleration
Instantaneous Velocity Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph
The limit of the average velocity as the time • The slope of the line tangent to the
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as position-vs.-time graph is defined to
the time interval approaches zero be the instantaneous velocity at that
x
time
lim
v t 0
• The instantaneous speed is defined
t as the magnitude of the
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is instantaneous velocity
happening at every point of time
Free Falls
All objects moving under the influence of gravity only
are said to be in free fall
Free fall does not depend on the object’s original motion
All objects falling near the earth’s surface fall with a
constant acceleration
The acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity,
and indicated by g
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
Galileo formulated the
laws that govern the
motion of objects in free
fall
Also looked at:
Inclined planes
Relative motion
Thermometers
Pendulum
Acceleration due to Gravity
Symbolized by g
g = -9.80 m/s²
When estimating, use g » -10 m/s2
g is always directed downward
toward the center of the earth
Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesn’t vary with
altitude over short vertical distances, free fall is constantly
accelerated motion
Free Fall – an object dropped
Initial velocity is zero
Let up be positive vo= 0
Use the kinematic equations
Generally use y instead of x a=g
since vertical
Acceleration is g =
-9.80 m/s2
References
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