DISCRETE
STRUCTURES
Lecture # 01
Muhammad Inayat Ullah Khan Awan
inayatullah@[Link]
Overview
• Continuous vs. Discrete Mathematics
• Variable
• Types of variable
• Set Theory
Continuous vs. Discrete Mathematics
Continuous Mathematics
• It consider object that vary continuously
• Example: analog wristwatch
• 01:25 p.m. to 01:26 p.m. there are infinite possible times
• Real number system: Positive or negative, large or small or ratio.
• 1, 15.82, -0.1, ¾ etc.
• Core of continuous mathematics
Continuous vs. Discrete Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics
• It consider objects that vary in a discrete way
• Example: Digital wristwatch
• No time between 01:25 p.m. to 01:26 p.m.
• Integers:
• Core of discrete mathematics
Variable
• A characteristics that varies with an individual or an object
• Example: age (of a person)
• A variable can assume a number of values. The given set of all
possible values from which the variable takes on a values is
called domain.
• If for a given problem, the domain of a variable contains only
one value, then the variable is referred to as a constant.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Variable
Quantitative Variable:
• When characteristics can be expressed numerically.
• Examples: age, weight, income, number of children etc.
Qualitative Variable:
• When characteristics is non-numerical
• Examples: education, gender, eye-color, quality, intelligence,
satisfaction etc.
• Qualitative characteristics also called attributes.
Discrete vs. continuous variables
Discrete Variable:
• Take only a discrete set of integers or whole number, that is the
values are taken by jumps or break.
• Examples: number of person in a family, the number of rooms in a
house, number of deaths in an accident, income of individual etc.
Continuous Variable:
• Take only fractional or integral value within a given interval.
• Its domain is an interval with all possible values without gaps.
• Examples: age of a person, the height of a plant, the weight of a
commodity, etc.
Set
• Collection of well defined objects
• The object – physical or abstract
• The objects that constitute a set are called elements or members
of the set.
• Set is denoted by A, B,C, ….
• Elements of the set are denoted by a, b, c, …..
• If an element is in the set A or belongs to the set A then
• otherwise
Subsets
• Let and be two sets. If every element of the set is also the
element in then is called subset of and denoted by
• – it means either is in or equals to
• If is not equal to then is called proper subset
Symbols and Notations
: Set of natural numbers
: Set of integers
: Set of rational numbers (Ratio)
• A number that can be dividing two integers
• ½ is rational number (1 divided by 2 or the ratio of 1 to 2)
• 1.5 = 3/2 is a ratio
: Set of real number
• Positive or negative, large of small, whole numbers or decimal numbers are all real numbers
• They are real numbers because they are not imaginary numbers
• 1, 15.82, -0.1, ¾
Symbols and Notations
: Set of complex number
• A complex number is a combination of real number and an imaginary number
• or
: Irrational number
• A real number that can not be made by dividing two integers
• is an irrational number
Empty Set
• A set without any member is called empty set.
Unit Set: If set has only one element
Finite Set
Infinite Set
Representation of a set
Roster Method
• A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
• B = {a book, a city, a teacher}
Rule Method
• A = {x | x is an odd number, and x < 12}
Set Operations
• Union
• Intersection
• Disjoint set
• Complement of a set
• Difference
• Symmetric difference
Discrete Structures – Definition
• A set of discrete elements on which certain operations are
defined.
• Discrete implies noncontinuous and therefore discrete sets
include finite and countable sets but not uncountable sets
such as the real numbers.
• Concepts and notations from discrete structures/mathematics
are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in
branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms,
programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem
proving, and software development.
Grading Policy
• Sessional = 25%
• Assignments
• Quizzes
• Class Attendance
• Presentations etc.
• Mid Term = 25%
• Final Term = 50%
Recommended Books
• [Rosen] Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications 7th Edition
• [Yale] Discrete Mathematics
• [Schaum’s Series] Discrete Mathematics
Acknowledgment
• [Rosen] Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications 7th Edition
• [Yale] Discrete Mathematics
• [Schaum’s Series] Discrete Mathematics
• .
