Hyperthyroidism
● The thyroid is a
butterfly-shaped
glands just in front of
the windpipe (trachea).
that release hormones
like triiodothyronine
(T3) and thyroxine
(T4).
● These hormones control the way the body uses energy, so they affect
nearly every organ in the body, even the way the heart beats.
● Another important hormone your thyroid makes is called parathyroid
hormone. This helps keep a healthy amount of calcium in your blood.
● Having too much of these hormones can cause Hyperthyroidism
● Hyperthyroidism also called overactive
thyroid, happens when the thyroid gland
makes too much thyroid hormone.
● An overactive thyroid can affect anyone, but
it's about 10 times more common in women
than men, and typically happens between 20
and 40 years of age.
● When your thyroid makes too much T3, T4, or
both, it speeds upyour body’s system.
RISK FACTORS and CAUSES
● Sex
● Pregnancy
● Age.
● Genetics
● Smoking
● Consuming excess iodine
C A U S E S O F H Y P E R T H Y R O ID IS M
● Graves' disease. This is an
autoimmune disorder that
causes the immune system to
attack the thyroid gland
causes thyroid to make too
much hormones.
● It is the most common cause
of hyperthyroidism
Other causes Includes
● Overactive thyroid nodules.
This condition also is called
toxic adenoma, toxic
multinodular goiter and
Plummer disease.
● It forms non cancerous lumps
that can make the thyroid bigger
than usual.
● Thyroiditis. This condition
happens when the thyroid
gland becomes inflamed. In
some cases, it's due to an
autoimmune disorder.
● The inflammation can cause extra
thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid
gland to leak into the bloodstream and
cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Diagnostics
Medical history and physical exam. During
the exam, check for:
● Slight tremor in the fingers and hands.
● Overactive reflexes.
● Rapid or irregular pulse.
● Eye changes.
● Warm, moist skin.
Doctors also examines the thyroid gland as
patient swallow to see if it's larger than usual, ● Blood tests.
bumpy or tender ● Radioiodine scan and uptake test.
● Thyroid ultrasound.
TREATMENT
● Medication: most common anti-thyroid medications are a class called
thionamides, which includes the drugs methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil
(PTU).
● Beta blockers. These medicines don't affect thyroid hormone levels. But they
can lessen symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as a tremor, rapid heart rate and
heart palpitations.
● Radioactive iodine: also just called radioiodine, effectively destroys
the cells that produce thyroid hormones without damaging other
bodily tissues. It is usually taken as an oral tablet or liquid.
● Surgery/ thyroidectomy: all or part of your thyroid gland is removed.
Surgery may be used for patients that don’t respond to other
treatment options, or can’t partake in them.
COMPLICATIONS
● Thyroid storm: a rapid heartbeat, a high
temperature, diarrhoea and being sick,
yellowing of the skin and eyes
(jaundice), severe agitation and
confusion, loss of consciousness
● A thyroid storm is a medical emergency.
If you think you or someone in your
care is experiencing it, call 999 to ask for
an ambulance immediately.
Other complications
● Hypothyroidism: treatment can often lead to underactive thyroid.
Symptoms might include sensitivity to cold, tiredness, weight gain,
constipation and depression
● Pregnancy problems like pre-eclampsia, miscarriage, premature labour
and birth (before the 37th week of pregnancy), baby having a low
birthweight might occur if not properly controlled.
references
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