Civil Engineering Related Codes
(Brief Description)
Prepared by: Muhammad Raheel Tariq
Topics
Definitions
Standards and Codes
What is a standard?
• A level of quality or attainment
• Something used as a measure for comparative evaluations
• Accepted (and usually documented) minimums or procedures
• Often technical society or industry association based
• Often referenced from Codes
WTO:
Document approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or
characteristics for products or related processes and production methods…
Standards and codes represent a prescriptive approach to design that may be
incorporated into a design process.
Standards
A set of technical definitions and guidelines for designers and
manufacturers. Standards are written by “experts” and are considered
voluntary.
Code
A set of standards that has been adopted by one or more
governmental bodies or incorporated into a contract. Essentially, a code is a
set of standards with the force of law behind it.
Importance of standards?
•Fundamental to engineering practice
Types of standards
•Prescriptive
Describe how elements are to designed, built, protected
and maintained.
•Functional
Qualitative requirements describe how such items are to
perform but no quantitative user or technical performance
requirements are prescribed.
Types of standards
•Performance-based
in which:
- qualitative functional requirements are established;
- quantitative user and technical performance criteria are
provided; and
- acceptable solutions and evaluation and design tools are
offered.
THEME OF LECTURE
EVOLUTION OF EXAMPLES:
DESIGN AISC
STANDARDS FOR SPECIFICATION
STRUCTURAL ACI CODE
DESIGN
AA
SPECIFICATIONS
ETC.
DEFINITIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE: ARTIFACTS
NECESSARY FOR CIVILIZATION TO
EXIST
STRUCTURES: SKELETONS
UPHOLDING
INFRASTRUCTURE-”ESSENTIAL
BUT OTHERWISE UNIMPORTANT”
DEFINITION: PRACTICE
THIS IS WHAT INTELLECTUAL
STRUCTURAL EQUIPMENT OF
DESIGN STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS DO ENGINEER:
FOR A LIVING: ART
DESIGN SKILL
STRUCTURES SCIENCE
THAT ARE SAFE,
SERVICEABLE,
EXPERIENCE
AND JUDGMENT
ECONOMICAL INTEGRITY
DEFINITION: THEORY
SCIENTIFIC SOLID AND FLUID
BASIS FOR MECHANICS
UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICS
THE BEHAVIOR MATERIALS
OF STRUCTURES SCIENCE
UNDER LOAD PROBABILITY
THEORY
SYSTEMS SCIENCE
ETC.
DEFINITION: RESEARCH
THE ACTIVITY COMPUTATION
THAT CONNECTS METHODS
THEORY WITH PHYSICAL AND
PRACTICE COMPUTATIONAL
EXPERIMENTS
ORGANIZATION OF
DATA AND DESIGN
ACTIVITIES
ETC.
FEATURES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
CREATION OF A STRUCTURE THAT WILL
PERFORM SERVICEABILITY
SATISFACTORILY
DURING ITS
INTENDED LIFETIME
NOT COLLAPSE OR SAFETY
EXPERIENCE
EXCESSIVE DAMAGE
DURING ITS
INTENDED LIFETIME
BE ECONOMICAL TO
DESIGN, BUILD AND ECONOMY
MAINTAIN
EXPECTATIONS FROM STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GENERAL PUBLIC STRUCTURE IS
UNCONDITIONALLY SAFE AND
RIGID
SAFETY, SERVICEABILITY,
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER ECONOMY DURING INTENDED
LIFETIME WHEN USED FOR
PLANNED FUNCTION
BUILDING AUTHORITY BUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET
CHANCE OF EXCEEDING A
LIMIT STATE DURING THE
CODE COMMITTEE
INTENDED LIFETIME MUST BE
ACCEPTABLY SMALL
HOW TO ATTAIN SAFE STRUCTURAL DESIGNS?
MINIMIZE HUMAN ENSURE THAT
ERROR CHANCE OF
EXCEEDING LIMIT
STATE IS
ACCEPTABLY SMALL
LOAD STANDARDS
QUALITY CONTROL AND DESIGN CODES
PYRAMID OF DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
REQ UIREM ENTS FO R THE DESIG N O F
THE INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURE
APPLICABLE LEG AL BUILDING CO DES
M O DEL BUILDING CO DES
M ATERIAL CO DES, LO AD STANDARDS,
DESIG N SPECIFICATIO NS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
LEGALLY BINDING ORIGINATING
MINIMUM AGENCIES:
REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE SAFE DESIGN OF VOLUNTARY
STRUCTURES COMMITTEES OF
ENFORCED BY EXPERTSWORKING
GOVERNMENT (LOCAL, ON A NATIONAL OR
REGIONAL, NATIONAL) INTERNATIONAL
BASIS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
ARE “LEGAL”, BUT THEY ARE STRUCTURAL
NOT
ENGINEERS MUST
LAWS IN THE SENSE OF
NEWTON’S LAWS
KNOW THE
LAWS IN THE SENSE THAT
BACKGROUND SO THAT
LIGHTNING STRIKES IF YOU THEY HONOR THE
ARE 1% OVER SPIRIT AND NOT THE
A BIBLE THAT IS ETERNALLY LETTER OF THE
CANONIZED BY THE SAINTS SPECIFICATION
OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
EVOLUTION OF DESIGN CODES
Time-tested satisfactory
Design Requirement
First use performance
Disaster
Time
EVOLUTION IN AISC STEEL DESIGN SPEC.
NUMBER OF PAGES IN AISC SPECIFICATION
1923 15 1969 158
1928 16 1978 162
1936 19 1986 219
1949 30 1993 276
1963 134 1999 291
2005 350
EVOLUTION IN STEEL DESIGN
YIELD STRESS OF MILD STEEL
DUBOIS, 1890 29 KSI
KETCHUM, 1918 28 KSI
AISC 1923 - 1963 33KSI
AISC 1963 – 1999 36 KSI
2005 50 KSI
RESEARCH O N PRO BABILITY CO NCEPTS
STRUCTURAL APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL
BEHAVIO R DESIG N
FIRST G ENERATIO N
THEO RY
LSD CO DES
DETERM INISTIC
FACTO RS
FIRST-O RDER SECO ND-O RDER
RELIABILITY M ETHO D RELIABILITY M ETO D
FIRST G ENERATIO N SECO ND G ENERATIO N
LRFD CO DES LRFD CO DES
AISC, AISI, AA ACI, ASCE7
THEORY RESEARCH APPLICATION
2000
COLUMN CURVES CRC COLUMN
& FORMULAS FORMULA IN AISC
COLUMN TESTS
RESIDUAL STRESS
1950 PARADOX RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS
BY REASONING AND
TEST (SHANLEY)
IMPORTANCE OF
RESIDUAL STRESS PERFECTLY
RECOGNIZED STRAIGHT
TANGENT MODULUS
COLUMNS
1900 REDUCED MODULUS
(ENGESSER, CONSIDERE)
ELASTIC THEORY
(EULER, 1753)
THEORY RESEARCH APPLICATION
2000
MODERN DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
NAGOYA DATA EUROPEAN
BATTERMAN BANK COLUMNCURVES
JOHNSTON SSRC COLUMN
EUROPEAN TESTS
TALL, BEER, SCHULTZ CURVES
BJORHOVDE LEHIGH TESTS
DIN 4114
1950
CHWALLA, JEZEK
ROS, BRUNNER
COLUMN THEORY
COLUMN TESTS
WESTERGAARD,
OSGOOD
RESIDUAL STRESS
INITIALLY
von KARMAN
OUT-OF
INELASTIC ANALYSIS STRAIGHT
1900
COLUMNS
RANKINE (1861)
THEO RY EM PIRICAL DESIG N
EQ UATIO NS
NUM ERICAL
ANALYSIS
TESTS TABULAR O R G RAPHIC
DESIGN DATA
DEVELO PM ENT O F DESIG N EQ UATIO NS FO R
CO LUM NS
2005 AISC Specification
4.0
3.5
RELIABILITY INDEX
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
L/D vs LRFD
1.0
L/D vs ASD
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LIVE-TO-DEAD LOAD RATIO
AISC 2005 SPECIFICATION
LRFD-TO-ASD STRENGTH REQUMT.
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
LIVE-TO-DEAD LOAD RATIO
SECOND-ORDER ELASTIC
ANALYSIS FOR LRFD
LOAD
1.2Dn+1.6Ln
FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
Mrequired
MOMENT
SECOND-ORDER ELASTIC
ANALYSIS FOR ASD
LOAD
1.6Dn+1.6Ln FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS
Dn+Ln SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
Mr
1.6Mr
MOMENT
DEFINITION OF AMPLIFICATION
FACTOR B2
LOAD
MOMENT
Mr1ST Mr2ND=B2 x Mr1ST
PROGNOSIS ABOUT THE FUTURE
OF CURRENT STRUCTURAL
DESIGN STANDARDS
Convergence to LRFD/LSD format.
International cooperation/harmonization.
Changes and additions for new materials
and structure types.
Will be viewed as being too complicated by
the practicing engineers.
Paper versions will eventually become
obsolete.
Spread- sheets are necessary.
PERFORMANCE BASED APPROACH
GOAL A broad statement of intent that reflects the
Level 1 /OBJECTIVE user’s expectations of what is required.
FUNCTIONAL A requirement stated in qualitative terms that
REQUIREMENTS sets out what is required without specifying
Level 2 the method of construction, techniques,
dimensions or materials to be used.
PERFORMANCE The qualitative performance criteria which
Level 3 REQUIREMENTS enables the functional requirements to be
satisfied for a nominated level.
EVALUATION Confirmation that the nominated
Level 4 performance is achieved.
By application of By testing and By application of By expert
design and / or well established opinion and
construction rules assessment engineering judgment
principles
What “controls” if there are no
applicable “Codes” and
“Standards”
“Good Practice”
Accepted practice within a
specific area
Usually not formal
documents
Part of the “folk lore” of the
profession
Code Objectives?
Health
Safety
Accessibility
Technical understanding
The “knowledge” of the
profession
“Rules-of-thumb”
(heuristics)
Design Handbooks and
Commentaries
Detail documents
Aids to technical
understanding
Another “Control” - Economic
Limits
“An engineer is someone
who can build for a dollar,
what any damn fool can
build for a dime”
What the “market” will
support
List
AASHTO
ACI
AISC
AS
ASTM
BS
CAN/CSA-S6-00-R2005
CISC
Other Standards Writing
Organizations
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials)
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
ULC (Underwriters Laboratories of Canada)
ULI (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.)
ASHRAE (American Society Heating
Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineers)
And many others
Canadian Standards Association
(CSA)
EA STANDARDS
EURO CODE
IBC
ASCE
PCI
SIA
UBC 97
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
Specification for Design of Pavement
Specification for Bridge Design
ACI
American concrete Institute
Code for the design of concrete structures
Acrobat Document
AISC
Design code for steel structures.
Allowable Stress Design for steel structures. (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design for Steel
Structure ( LRFD )
Acrobat Document
ASTM
American Standard for Testing & Materials
ASTM International is comprised of more than 132
technical standards writing committees and
publishes over 9,100 standard specifications, tests,
practices, guides, and definitions relating to materials,
products, systems, and services
BS
British Standards
British code for steel, concrete and composite
bridges.
EC
Euro code
Design of Concrete Structure & steel structures .
1990:2002 Eurocode: Basis of structural design 2002-04
EN 1990/A1:2005 Eurocode: Basis of structural design (Amendament) 2005-12
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures -Part 1-1: General actions -Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-1:2002 2002-04
for buildings
EN 1991-1-2:2002 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures -Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire 2002-11
EN 1991-1-3:2003 Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures -Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads 2003-07
EN 1991-1-4:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures -Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions 2005-04
EUROCODE 1
EN 1991-1-5:2003 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures -Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions 2003-11
EN 1991-1-6:2005 Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures Part 1-6: General actions - Actions during execution 2005-06
EN 1991-1-7 Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures -Part 1-7: General actions -Accidental actions (2006-07)
EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures -Part 4: Silos and tanks 2006-05
EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings 2004-12
EUROCODE 2
EN 1992-1-2:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules -Structural fire design 2004-12
EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings 2005-05
EN 1993-1-1:2005/AC:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings 2005-12
EN 1993-1-2:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-2: General rules -Structural fire design 2005-04
EN 1993-1-2:2005/AC:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-2: General rules -Structural fire design 2005-12
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: General rules -Supplementary rules for cold-formed
EN 1993-1-3 (2006-07)
members and sheeting
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-4: General rules -Supplementary rules for stainless
EN 1993-1-4 (2006-07)
steels
EN 1993-1-5 Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-5: Plated structural elements (2006-07)
EN 1993-1-8:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints 2005-05 EUROCODE 3
EN 1993-1-8:2005/AC:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints 2005-12
EN 1993-1-9:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue 2005-05
EN 1993-1-9:2005/AC:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue 2005-12
Eurocodes
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness
EN 1993-1-10 2005-05
properties
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness
EN 1993-1-10:2005/AC:2005 2005-12
properties
EN 1993-1-11 Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension components (2006-07)
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-12: Additional rules for the extension of EN 1993 up to
EN 1993-1-12 (2006-11)
steel grades S 700
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
EN 1994-1-1:2004 2004-12 EUROCODE 4
buildings
EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design -Part 1: General rules 2004-11
EUROCODE 7
EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design -Part 2: Ground investigation and testing (2006-10)
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and
EN 1998-1:2004 2004-12
rules for buildings
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of
EN 1998-3:2005 2005-06
buildings EUROCODE 8
EN 1998-4 Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines (2006-07)
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures
EN 1998-5:2004 2004-11
and geotechnical aspects
IBC
International Building Code .
Acrobat Document
ASCE Acrobat Document
American Society of Civil Engineer.
Use For Calculation of Wind Load on Structure.
PCI
Prestressed/Precast Concrete Design Manuals. .
UBC 97
Uniform Building Code
Use for Calculations of Wind & Seismic loads on
Structure
Acrobat Document
IMPORTANT INDIAN
REGULATIONS/
REGULATORS/CODES
THE PETROLEUM ACT 1934
THE PETROLEUM RULES 2002
THE STATIC & MOBILE PRESSURE VESSELS (UNFIRED)
RULES – 1981
GAS CYLINDER RULES 2004
CHIEF CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES (PETROLEUM
EXPLOSIVES SAFETY ORGANISATION)
INDIAN BOILER REGULATIONS (IBR)
OIL INDUSTRIES SAFETY DIRECTORATE (OISD) & IT’S
STANDARDS
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF MINES SAFETY (DGMS)
CMRI
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT
IMPORTANT INDIAN
REGULATIONS/
REGULATORS/CODES
GUIDELINES FOR SITING OF INDUSTRY
MANUAL FOR WATER SUPPLY & TREATMENT (MINISTRY
OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT)
MANUAL ON SEWERAGE & SEWAGE TREATMENT
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD & BRIDGE WORKS (IRC)
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION RULES
BIS
CENTRAL ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE / STATE
ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
STATE FACTORY ACT
NOTE : THE LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE
ASME Standards and Codes Related to Standardization
A112 Plumbing Materials and Equipment
B1 Screw Threads
B5 Machine Tools - Components, Elements, Performance, and Equipment
B18 Standardization of Fasteners
B29 Chains, Attachments and Sprockets for Power Transmission and Conveying
B32 Metal and Metal Alloy Wrought Mill Product Nominal Sizes
B40 Standards for Pressure and Temperature Instruments and Accessories
B46 Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities
B47 Gage Blanks
B73 Chemical Standard Pumps
B89 Dimensional Metrology
B94 Cutting Tools, Drivers, and Bushings
B107 Hand Tools and Accessories
B133 Gas Turbine Procurement
HST Overhead Hoists
MFC Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits
MH1 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases For Unit Loads
SRB Slew Ring Bearing
STS Steel Stacks
Y14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices
NEW TRENDS IN STRUCTURAL
STANDARDS
Entirely probability-based design for
members and joints (Marek, etc.).
Project specific probabilistic systems
design for major structures (offshore,
nuclear, etc.).
Performance-based design.
Motivations:
Earthquake and fire engineering
Security against terrorist acts
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN IN
FIRE ENGINEERING
Example:
AISC 2005 Appendix 4:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR
FIRE CONDITIONS.
Topic and method 1st time in an
AISC Specification.
AISC DEFINITION OF
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN
“An engineering approach to structural
design that is based on agreed-upon
performance goals and objectives,
engineering analysis and quantitative
assessment of alternatives against
those design goals and objectives
using accepted engineering tools,
methodologies and performance
criteria.”
AISC DEFINITION OF
PRESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
“A design method that
documents compliance with
general criteria established
in a building code.”
AISC PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
“Structural components, members
and building frame systems shall
be designed so as to maintain
their load-bearing function during
the design-basis fire and to satisfy
other performance requirements
specified for the building
occupancy.”
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN IN
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
EXAMPLE:
“Recommended Seismic Design
Criteria For New Steel Moment-
Frame Buildings.”
FEMA 350, July 2000
Building performance level
Immediate Life Near
Operational occupancy safe collapse
50% in 50yr
Frequent
Ground motion levels
M
2% in 50yr
MCE
POST_EARTHQUAKE STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE LEVEL DEFINITIONS
Collapse Prevention:
Structure is on the verge of
partial or total collapse. Must
carry gravity load demands.
Immediate Occupancy:
Only limited structural damage
has occurred.
FEMA-350 PERFORMANCE DEFINITION
Example:
A design shall provide a 95% level of
confidence that the structure will
provide Collapse Prevention or better
performance for earthquake hazards
with a 2% probability of exceedance in
50 years.
Methods are given for a “simple” or
“detailed” evaluation of the level of
confidence.
“Control”
“Control” often exercised
through Codes and
Standards
Example: Building and Fire Codes
National Building and National Fire Code of Canada
National (Model) Codes:
National Building Code of Canada
(NBC)
National Fire Code of Canada
(NFC)
National Plumbing Code of
Canada
National Farm Building Code
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION.
QUESTIONS OR DISCUSSION??
