UTTAR PRADESH
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL
SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
TOPIC – Vitamin-B12
(Cobalamin)
NAME: Mansi
ROLL NO.- 89
BATCH- 2023
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
•INTRODUCTION
•CHEMISTRY
•BIOSYNTHESIS
•TRANSPORT
•STORAGE
•RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWNESS [RDA]
•DIETARY SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS VITAMIN ???
•Vitamins may be regarded as organic
compounds required in diet in small
amounts to perform specific biological
functions for normal maintenance of
optimum growth and health of organisms.
•They are classified as fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
and water soluble ( B-complex and C).
CHEMISTRY
Vitamin- B12
• Hematopoietic-B complex vitamin
• Extrinsic Factor of Castle
• Anti- Pernicious Anemia Factor
• Vitamin-B12 is a generic descriptor
for Cobalamins.
COBALAMINS
• Water soluble vitamin.
• Heat stable and red in color.
• Contain 4.35 % Cobalt by weight.
• Essential for normal functioning of
brain and nervous system.
• Formation of red blood cells.
• George Whipple first discovered
Vitamin-B12.
• George Richards Minot and William
Murphy found a entirely different liver
substance cured pernicious anemia in
humans.
• Dorothy Hodgkin suggested Vitamin-B12
structure by X- ray diffraction studies.
• Robert Woodward synthesized Vitamin-
B12 and proved its structure.
STRUCTURE
• Central Cobalt atom
• Corrin rings ( Four pyrrole rings
coordinated with a cobalt atom )
• 6 coordination site of Co bind with-
- 4 N atoms of corrin rings
- N atom of Dimethylbenzimidazole
- Functional group (–R)
Functional group(–R)
• –CN [Cyanocobalamin]
• –OH [Hydroxocobalamin]
• H2O [Aquocobalamin]
• –CH3 [Adenosylcobalamin]
CYANOCOBALAMIN
• Deep pink in color
• Oral preparations are in this form.
• Used to treat Pernicious anemia
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN
• Injectable preparations
• Used in cyanide poisoning
ADENOSYLCOBALAMIN ( Ado- B12)
• Storage form in liver
• Functional coenzyme
METHYLCOBALAMIN
• Major form in blood & cell cytoplasm
• Functional coenzyme
• Used to treat peripheral neuropathy
BIOSYNTHESIS
• Synthesis exclusively by
microorganisms i.e. Prokaryotes
through aerobic or anaerobic
pathways.
• Only bacteria & archaea have enzymes
for its biosynthesis.
• Industrial production of Vitamin-
B12 is by fermentation of selected
microorganisms.
• Plants & animals cannot synthesise
Vitamin-B12 independently.
• Conversion between different forms
of vitamin can be accomplished in
human body.
TRANSPORT
• Dietary Vitamin-B12 absored in
distal Ileum & get converted to
METHYLCOBALAMIN(MethylB12).
• In blood plasma, MethylB12 bind
with TRANSCOBALAMIN II.
• TRANSCOBALAMIN II( glycoprotein)
is a specific carrier.
• TRANSCOBALAMIN II transport
Vitamin-B12 to body cell ( for
immediate use) & liver ( storage).
• In liver , Vitamin-B12 stored on
TRANSCOBALAMIN lll.
• TRANSCOBALAMIN lll also circulate
in blood .
Transport and storage of dietary Vitamin-B12
STORAGE
• Stored in liver cells as Ado- B12 or 5’-
deoxyadenosylcobalamin.
• Liver store about 2mg of Vitamin-B12.
- Sufficient for requirement for 2-3 yrs.
- Because of this, Vit- B12 deficiency is
seen only years after gastrectomy.
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES
Normal daily requirement for
• Children – 0.5-1.5ug/day
• Adults – 1-2 ug/day
• Pregnancy & Lactation–3ug/day
DIETARY SOURCES
• Animal origin food
• Liver is the richest source.
• Curd is good source ( because
Lactobacillus can synthesise B12).
• No plant source (so strict vegetarians
are at risk of Vitamin-B12
deficiency).
• Dairy products or milk products
• Fortified grain products like cereals
• Egg, fish, meat, chicken, oysters,
crab, beef, red meat .
Vitamin-B12 Supplements-
• In liquid and pill form
• Humans obtain small amount of
Vitamin-B12 from intestinal flora.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry
• DM Vasudevan
THANK YOU
