UNIT SIX

POST WWII GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

[Link] Formation of the United Nations Organization
(UNO)
Aug. 1942 the Atlantic Charter by Churchill and
Roosevelt.
Jan 1942 in Washington 20 nations accepted the
Atlantic Charter.
1943 the Moscow Conference China, USA, USSR and
UK pledged to set up new org. instead of the LN.
Aug.-Nov. Dumbarton Oaks Conference (DC)
agreement to implement Moscow Declaration
 Contd.
June 1945 approval of the Charter of the UNO.
• April 25, 1945 the UNO was formally
established.
• Ethiopia is among the 50 nations and one of the
founders of the UNO.
• The Constitution of the League of Nations was
called The Covenant.
• The Constitution of the UNO is called The
Charter.
 The Goals of the UNO

1. Maintain international peace and security

2. Encourage international cooperation
3. Promote respect for human right
4. Take measure for prevention and develop
friendly relation
 Structure of UNO
[Link] General Assembly
composed all member states with one vote for
each member.
1. It elects non-permanent members to the
security council.
 2. The security council

The leading organ of the UNO

- It has five permanent member (Britain, France,
Russia, USA and China) called Veto powers
- It has ten non-permanent members those are
elected every two years.
- It has Military staff committee and mobilize army.
- Responsible for the maintenance of international
peace and security.
-
 3. Secretariat

- Head quarter seated at New York.

- Implement decisions.
- Brings issues to the assembly.
- Draw annual report of the UNO.
- Coordinate specialized agencies.
- Direct funds to the agencies.
 [Link] General
• Appointed by General Assembly on recommendation of Security
Council
• Trygive lie of Norway (1949-1952)
• Dag Hamerskajold of Sweden, died in plane crush in Congo (1953-
1961)
• U –Thant of Burma until (1961-1970)
• Kurt Wadheim of Austria(1971-1980)
• Perez de Cuellar of Peru (1980-1990)
• Butros Gali of Egypt(1991-1996)
• Kofi Anana of Ghana (1997- 2007)
• Ban Ki Moon of S. Korea (2007-2017)
• Antonio Guteres Portugal (2017-)
 5. Economic and Social council
• Elect by General assembly for three years term
• It performs its major duties of solving
international issues like social, economic,
humanitarian and environmental problems
through its special agencies like ILO, FAO,
WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, WB, and others.
2. The Emergence of rival super powers and
Cold war
• The war time temporery unity of U.S.S.R and USA come
to an end and relations between these two powers
deteriorated so rapidly.
• This led to a new war without blood shed known as Cold
war. It was fought by propaganda, diplomacy and
economic competition.
• Conflict on political and economic goals were the major
cause of the war.
• Against American dominance in Western Europe Russia
established heir own allies in Eastern Europe which
named as Russian satellite state.
 Cont….
• Like Albanian, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania,
Czechoslovakia, Poland and Eastern Germany.
• Later Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito broke
away from Russian satellite state.
• Also they expanded to Chine, Greece North
Koria. Also Communists were active in Latin
America, Middle East, South East Asia and
Africa.
 The Western Reaction
1. Containment( Truman Doctrine)
American president Harry Truman called for an end to
further communist expantion.
He announced American military and Financial redness for
any nation under communist influence, in which they
implement in Greece, Turkey, Korea and Indo – Chine.
. Also they formed series of defensive military alliance in
different parts of the World, like
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), South East Asian
Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Middle East Treaty
Organization (METO)
 [Link] European Economic
Defense
• On 5 June 1947, Georg C. Marshal, U.S secretary
of state, announced what was known as the
Marshal Plan, in which America plagued her
readiness to provide huge financial assistance to
help Europe to recover from the ruins of the war.
West European countries which were willing to
accept this aid formed the organization for
European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). But
Russia protect her satellite states to participate on
this American aid.
 3. Strengthening of non European
Economic Defense
• It was planed to contain the expansion of
communism in less advanced nation of Africa
and South East Asia country. To realize this
under Truman Doctrine of Four point program
technical assistance was provided to assist the
countries to improve their natural and
agricalture.
 The Chinese Revolution
• At the beginning of 20 th century Chine was still ruled
by the weak Manchu dynasty and still the country
was under European influence. Then young Chinese
who resented this foreign influence organized secret
societies to combat it. In 1891, Dr. Sun Yat- Sen found
the Kuomintang or Nationalist party.
• In 1911- 12 Kuomintang set out a revolution and over
threw the last Manchu Emperor PU Yi and set up a
Republican government, even most of the country
was under the controls of warlords
 Cont…
• To control over these territories Sun Yat sen allied with Chinese
Communist party(CCP) which was formed in1921, under Mao
Tse- ting(Mao Zedong) and try to end the problems.
• In 1925 Dr. Sun was died and Chiang Kai Shek become head of
the Kuomintang.
• Finally to become the sole ruler of China in 1927 Chiang Kai
Shek attacked the Communists.
• In 1931 Japan invaded northern Chinas province of Manchuria,
but Chiang Kai Shek did not take any action against the
invaders. Instead he preferred to try to destroy the Communist
and his army encircled the Communist base at Kiangsi.
 Cont…
• To escape from this encirclement, Mao and his
followers set out on an epic retreat known as
the Long March in Oct. 1934.
• The march took more than a year and covered
about 9000km. As a result Read army of the
communist lost over three quarters.
• With the remaining army Mao set up the
Yenan Soviet in North Western China.
 Cont..
• At Yenan Mao won popular support, both parties fought
Japan separately up to 1945, when Japan was evacuated
from Manchuria and other parts of Chinese after they
defeated by Allied powers. This led for the brook out of civil
war between Chinese Communist and Nationalists from
1945 – 1949.
• On the civil war Read army of CCP scored victory over
Chiang Kai shek government and controled Peking and
Nankin and enforced Ching Kai Shek to fled to Taiwan
(Formosa) where he established Nationalist government by
the support of USA. On the other hand Mao controlled
Bejing and introduced several socialist reforms.
 Cont…
• He introduced Five years economic plan,
cooperative ( commune) were established and
applied Marxist – Leninism theory to Chinese
situation.
• To fight reactionary ideas, to transform
Chinese Culture and to fight corruption they
introduced Great proletarian Cultural
Revolution in 1966
 Korean War
• As WWII approaching to an end by the victory of Allies
in 1943 president Roosevelt of USA, Preminister
Winston Churchill of England and Chiang Kai Shek of
China met at Cairo to discus on the fate of Japanese
colony. They agreed to restore Chinese territories and
Korea was become a free and independent state.
• But after surrender of Japan Russian facilitated troops
controlled Northern Korea and USA in the southern
Korea using 38 parallel as boundary and they found
their own type of government in their respective areas.
 Cont…
• In 1950, North Korean Communist
government cross 38 Parallel and invaded
South Korea by ground agitation of Russia.
• Then UNO security council send troops mainly
from USA and other 15 nations including
Ethiopia and finally UN force drove out North
Korean solders back across the 38 parallel.
 The Vietnam war
• In 19th century the various country of Indo –
China( Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) become
French colonies. During WWII, while France
was overrun by Nazi, Indo – China was
occupied by Japanese. After Japanese had
been defeated in WWII, France tried to restore
its colonial authority in Indo – China. But the
Vietnam determined to fight for their freedom
against the colonizer
 Cont…
• Vietnam nationalist declared the formation of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 17th parallel and
start peasant based resistance movement and
fought France from 1946 – 1954, finally France
were defeated at the battle of Dien Bien Phu in
1954. the Genève agreement was signed and
ended France colony in Indo – China. It was also
agreed to dived Vietnam temporarily for later
reunification. This open the door for USA
intervention in support of South Vietnam.
 Cont…
• In 1955, a capitalist republic was set up in South Vietnam
with Ngo Dinh Diem as president, the opposing
communist force formed the National Libration Front
(NLF) in 1960.
• NLF aimed at the unification of Vietnam and evacuation of
foreign troops and their military wing called Viet Congs
killed Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963.
• President Johnson of USA deeply involved in the war and
intensified bombing North Vietnam and appoint Nguyen
Van Thiew as president of South Vietnam in 1965. but
they could not put decisive impact on NLF.
 Cont…
• As a result president Nixon of USA introduced
the policy of Vietnamization to enable south
Vietnam to defend them selves with out much
external help.
• Viet Congs used Cambodia as their base for
their Guerrilla war fare and finally they
become victorious in 1974 and united the two
Vietnam under Communist state in 1976.
 The Arab Israeli war
• Following the end of WWI Palestine was given for
British as a mandate territory.
• As the number of Jewish emigrants were increased
after WWI, in 1917 British had issued what was called
the Balfour Declaration, which paved the way for the
establishment of Jewish home land at Palestine.
• Zionism ( international Jewish movement) provided
ideological and leadership for Jewish to have Jewish
home land at Palestine by Theodere Herzel.
 Cont…
• As a result the conflict between Jewish emigrants and
Arabs be come serious, then British presented the case
for UNO. The in 1947, UNO general assembly decided
to partition Palestine into Arab state and Jewish state
and Jerusalem as international city.
• On 14 may 1948 Jewish proclaimed the state of Israel
with David Ben Gurisonas as its first Preminister.
• By opposing this Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Trans Jordan
declared war on Israel in 1948 this marked the first
Arab – Israel war which was concluded by Israel victory
 The second Arab-Israel war( suez war)
• Colonel Gamal Abdul Nassir overthrow king
Farouk in 1952.
• In 1956, Gaman Abdul Nassir, nationalized
Suez canal this led to conflict with Israel,
British and France, which marked the
beginning of the second Arab Israel war which
was concluded by Israel.
 The third Arab Israel war( six day war)
• Was fought from 5-10 June 1967,between
Syria, Iraq, Trans Jordan and Egypt and Israel.
• On this war USA, British and West Germany
support Israel and U.S.S.R support Arabs, but
it was concluded by victory of Israel.
• Then Palestine Libration Front (P.L.F) was
founded in 1964, and began a guerrilla
warfare against Israel
 The fourth (Yom Kippur)war of 1973
• It was named Yom Kippur because it start on
Jewish Holly day called Yom Kippur on 6 oct.1973,
when Egypt, Syria and other Arab states declared
war on Israel, but it was concluded by Israel
victory.
• Then Arabs continued their straggle through
Fedayen, PLO and Black September.
• The underlying reason behind all the above
mentioned wars was the Arab versus Jewish
nationalism.
 Cont…
• Finally on Sept. 1978, a frame work for peace
in the middle East was signed by the USA
president Jimmy Carter, Egyptian president
Anwar Sadat and Israel Preminister
Menaaihem Begin.
• As a result Egypt become the only Arab state
recognized to the state of Israel.
 The non-aligned movement
• It was the policy of neutralism in international
relation or to not allies both with Capitalist or
Communist blocks in Cold war.
• It was mainly led by Marshal Tito of
Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno
of Indonesia and Gamal Abdul Nassir of Egypt
meet at Bandung conference of 1955, and
agreed to relax the East West conflict.
 Unit six review test
• I. Say true if the statement is correct and false if
not.
• 1. United Nation Organization is the first international
organization.
• 2. Truman Doctrine was intended to keep Russian influence
out of Greece and Turkey
• 3. The formation of military alliance after the end of WWII had
nothing to do with the cold war
• 4. The major cause for Arab Israel war was religious difference
• 5. Cold war only propaganda campaign between Communist
and capitalist Block
 II. Choose the best answer from the given
alternative
• 6. The cold war was fought mainly
• A. bullets B. words
• C. Nuclear weapon D. missile
• 7. Which group consists entirely of Russian
satellite states?
• A. Austria, Poland, Turkey
• B. Hungary, Israel, Poland
• C. Czechoslovakia, Greece, Turkey
• D. Czechoslovakia, East German, Poland
 Cont…
• 8. Which European communist country has most successful
resisted Russian domination?
• A. Yugoslavia B. Hungary
• C. Bulgaria D. Rumania
• 9. Originally Marshal plan was an offer made to A. all
European nation B. all UN members
• C. only English speaking nations
• D. only for anti communist nations
• 10. Which of the following organization was not a cold war
military block?
• A. NATO B. SEATO C. EEC D. UNESCO
 Cont…
• 11. Zionism was the
• A. claim that Judaism is the only true religion
• B. belief that the original home land of Jewish was in Africa
• C. study of the history of ancient Israel religion
• D. desire to establish and maintain an independent Jewish state in Israel
• 12. Large scale U.S economic aid to western Europe in 1947 to enable
Europe to recover from WWII was called the
• A. Truman Doctrine B. New Deal
• C. Marshal Plan D. common Front
• 13. The founding document of the United Nation, adopted in 1945 is
called the UNO
• A. protocol B. Charter C. Covenant D. Convection
 Cont…
• 14. The major reason for the defeat of the Arab states by Israel
in 1948-49 was
• A. unexpected military intervention by the USA
• B. that president Nasser was incompetent leader
• C. the small populations of the Arab states than Israel
• D. contradictions between the Arab governments them selves
• 15. The Korean war of 1950-53 was
• A. completed by the victory of North Korea
• B. completed by the victory of South Korea
• C. ended in stalimate
• D. ended by negotiation to reunited Koreans
III. Write short answer for the following questions

• 16. write and discuss briefly non aligned movement in

international politics during Cold war period
• 17. list the major goals of UNO
• 18. write the major cause of cold war
• 19. list and write the cause and the four Arab Israel
wars with its consequences
• 20. write the history of Vietnam war shortly with its
consequences
Good Luck!
Seat by Demsis G