Benevolo, Leonardo, History of Modern Architecture, Volume 2
The FORMATION of the MODERN MOVEMENT
Charles Chun Pui Ho | Fenton Yuk Fan Lau
1155115908 | 1155109989
Modern movement
Experimental
The teaching The work of cultural
work at the Le Corbusier movement of the
Bauhaus after WWI pre- & post-war
periods
Fig.1 Bauhaus Building Fig.2 Le Corbusier Fig.3 Novembergnappe
The Bauhaus
End of WWI Early 1919 Mid 1919
Walter Gropius was asked to He amalgamated the two The first manifesto is published
run the Sachsische Hochschule institutions, founding the the same year
fur bildende Kunst & Staatliche Bauhaus
Sachsische
Kunstgewerbeschule
The Idea of Bauhaus
Before Bauhaus: Bauhaus intends to:
● Art is not treated as a ● Form a general
“profession” methodology
● Lack of standard in ● Find a balance between art
architecture study and craftsman
A three year course:
● Required to attend one of the seven workshops for the working of
stone, wood metal, clay, glass pigments and textile looms
● Theoretical lessons in book-keeping, costing and drawing up of
tenders
● Study method of representation and theory of composition
● Obtaining a Journeyman’s Certificate after examination
A further course of architectural planning and practical work is provided
● At the end, pupil could take an exam to qualify for a Master Builder’s
Diploma
Fig.4 Students discussing models with teachers
The Three Main Features of the Teaching
● The parallelism between theoretical and
practical teaching
○ Pupil studied simultaneously under two
masters: master of craft and master of design
● Continuous contact with practical realities
○ Impel students to overcome practical problems
through model making in workshops
● The presence of creative masters Fig.5 Students learning in Bauhaus
○ The selection of the right teacher for a training
institute
The Bauhaus Building
● The only building Gropius did
the architectural plan entirely
himself
● A complex building: including
a block for school and
another for workshop
Fig.6 The Bauhaus Building
Fig.7 Building Plan Fig.8 Bauhaus Building Program Allocation
● Gropius avoided
emphasizing their
individual physical
consistency
● Recourse basically to
only three materials:
glass for the space,
framed in metal and
white plaster for walls
Fig.9 Bauhaus Building Exterior and Interior Images
Le Corbusier’s Early Career
End of WWI Mid 1915
● French economy is specially ● France participated in the
stable international controversy with
● Low internal movement from a bold movement of renewal
agriculture to industry within the lines of traditions
● A gradual introduction of the ● Requiring individual initiative
working classes into the to attack the existing
bourgeois State in an orderly institution for the renewal of
fashion artistic culture
The relations
that ennoble
raw materials
Le Corbusier’s
The exterior
vision of
as a
architecture
projection of The house
the interior must be mass-
profiles as produced
pure spiritual
creation
Fig.10 Le Corbusier’s Domino's House
The Five Point of a New Architecture
1. Pilotis
First story columns free of walls, that raise the house above the ground
2. Free Plan
Achieved by the separation of the load bearing columns from the walls subdividing the space
3. Free Facade
The exterior walls are no longer load-bearing and just separates the internal spaces from the
outside
4. Strip Windows
Horizontal lengths of fenestrations as uninterrupted bands
5. Roof Terraces
To be constructed with sand covered by thick cement slabs laid with staggered joints, seeded
with grass
Fig.11 Le Corbusier’s 5 Points
The House of Garches
Fig.12 The Golden Ratio Design Fig.13 The House of Garches
Fig.14 Interior Views of The
House of Garches
German Avant-garde
Architects: Technical &
cultural
Mies van der institutions:
Rohe, Erich
Mendelsohn, the Werkbund, the
Luckhardt Reichsforschung
Fig.17 Werkbund
Brothers sgesellschaft
Fig.12 Mies van der Rohe
Fig.16 Reichsforschungsgesellschaft
Fig.15 Wassili Luckhardt
Fig.13 Erich Mendelsohn Fig.14 Hans Luckhardt
Mies’ Glass Skyscrapers
“Skyscrapers reveal their powerful structure during construction; only then is the gigantic steel trunk truly expressive. When the panel
walls are in position, the structural system at the basis of the composition is hidden behind a chaos of insignificant and trivial forms.”
B. Zevi, Poetical dell’ architettura neo-plastica, p.123
Fig.18 Glass Tower in 1922 collage (Left)
Fig.19 Plan of Glass Tower in 1922 (Right)
Mies’ Glass Skyscrapers
-plans made between 1919 & 1923 born within avant garde ambition
-took from expressionism - curved or borken tower outlines
-1926: Mies built monument of Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg
= last inspiring image of avant-garde movement
Fig. 20 Mies’ Glass Tower in 1921 Fig. 21 Mies’ monument of Karl Liebknecht & Rosa
Mendelsohn’s sketches
● 1919: already known for his imaginary architectural sketches, exhibited at
Cassirer gallery
● 1st sketches of 1914: inspired by Wagner & Olbrich style
Fig. 22 Erich Mendelsohn's 1925 sketch for his Red Flag Fig. 23 Massing and façade studies for the Schocken
textile factory in Leningrad Department Store in Stuttgart from 1926
Mendelsohn’s sketches
● Einstein’s astronomical
observatory tower at Potsdam in
1920
Fig. 25 Erich Mendelsohn's quick worms-eye view of the
Einstein Tower in Potsdam, 1920
Fig. 24 Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower Plaster Covered Fig. 26 Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower Exterior View
Brick Wall
Amsterdam School vs Neo-plasticism
Fig. 27 Berlage’s Kunstmuseum Den Haag Fig. 28 De Stijl Movement
Amsterdam School towards Neo-plasticism representing movement
conservation towards innovation
● Hendrik Petrus Berlage and a ● Van Doesburg, leading the
group of young architects worked rationalist & internationally minded
on the plan of South Amsterdam movement of neo-plasticism
● aim: reconciling avant-garde
movements
Jacobus Oud
● 1918: Oud appointed chief architect for Amsterdam city
● Oud designed Spangen in 1918 and Tusschendijken in
1919, Oud Mathenesse in 1922 (housing
complexes/masterplan)
Fig. 29 Spangen in 1918 Fig. 30 Oud Mathenesse in 1922
The Hook of Holland
1924: Oud’s 1st masterpiece - the Hook of
Holland
Fig. 32 Hook of Holland Exterior View
Fig. 31 The Hook of Holland Plan
Fig. 33 Hook of Holland Exterior View
Oud’s Design Method
Pros Limitation
● every element bears the ● forced to choose isolation
imprint of energies, when it’s town planning
acquired a special ● intentionally harden
expressive intensity traditional schemes to
● sense of figurative approaching ambiguous
discipline of neo- classicism
plasticism
Dudok’s Hilversum Town
Planning Scheme in 1918
“Dudok was able to translate into reality the
theoretical dream of the garden city, doing away with
the Romantic and Utopian aspects and taking
account of relations with the outside world,
particularly nearby Amsterdam”
Fig. 34 Hilversum Town Plan Fig. 35 Hilversum Master Plan
Dudok’s Design Method
● managed to retain town-planning values accumulated by
previous generation, which had lost in Ouds process of
decomposition & recomposition
● had a balanced relationship with their surroundings
Fig. 36 Hilversum Town Hall Plan Fig. 37 Hilversum Town Hall Exterior View
Dudok Influence
● heredity of Berlage and domestic Dutch
architecture received an up-to-date
formation and was introduced into the
modern movement
● combine two conventional points in an
eclectic fashion -> give technical
● kept alive the continuity between past &
present, architecture & town-planning
Image Credit
Fig. 1 https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-the-influence-of-the-bauhaus-is-alive-in-your-living-room
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Fig. 4 https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/2018/03/learning-and-unlearning-using-hands-on-bauhaus-exercises-in-art-history-classes/
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Image Credit
Fig. 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe
Fig.13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn
Fig. 14 https://www.design-museum.de/en/about-design/biographies-of-designers/detailseiten/hans-wassili-luckhardt.html?desktop=1%27a
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