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Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to substances that are normally harmless. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions defined by the immune components involved and time of onset. Type 1 is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. Type 2 involves IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cells. Type 3 occurs when IgG antibodies bind to soluble antigens and activate the complement system. Type 4 is a delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells.

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35 views5 pages

Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to substances that are normally harmless. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions defined by the immune components involved and time of onset. Type 1 is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. Type 2 involves IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cells. Type 3 occurs when IgG antibodies bind to soluble antigens and activate the complement system. Type 4 is a delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells.

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kumailabid
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Hypersensitivity

Reaction
BY :KUMAIL ABID(40052)

SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT


HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated reaction produced by
body's immune system in form of autoimmunity or allergy
as a response to certain stimulant which in our PBL case
was drug (penicillin).
• It occurs on selective individuals and its severity is
unrelated to concentration of stimulant or drug.
• Manifestations usually like common food allergies or
allergic reactions .

SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT


• It has 4types differentiated based on type of immunity
involved , types of immune cells involved, different
manifestations and disorders caused etc.
Types of Hypersensitivity
1. Type 1 : Anaphylactic reaction which involves IgE fixed to mast cells and basophils and reaction occurs on its
surface releasing mediators like histamine, prostaglandin, PAF, leukotrienes, resulting in urticaria(itchy rash) ,
bronchospasm, angioedema. Anaphylactic shock is severe allergic reaction in this type of hypersensitivity
which shows itchiness, swelling of lips, wheezing, syncope and palpitation.
2. Type 2: Cytolytic reaction which involves IgG and IgM which binds to cell resulting in thrombocytopenia ,
agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolysis, organ damage. Antigens bound in cell surface presented to T cells
causing immune response cause tissue specific damage.
3. Type 3: Retarded reaction involves IgG binds on endothelium cause inflammatory response. Results in
rashes ,serum sickness, fever , polyarteritis nodosa. Takes 1-2 weeks. Antigens here are soluble unlike in type
2 and activates complement chain causing local inflammation.
4. Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity reaction involves T lymphocytes which makes lymphokines causing contact
dermatitis , rash, fever, photosensitization. Can be caused by repeated local anesthetic handling.
Summary Table
TYPE TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 TYPE 4

REACTANT IgE IgG and IgM IgG T effector cells


MECHANISM Mast-cell activation Antigens embedded in Antibody binds to APC activates
releases histamines and host cells cause soluble antigen, Th1/CTL. T cells
other mediators complement activation forming a circulating activation
and destruction by immune complex macrophages and
MAC. lodges in a vessel wall cause an inflammatory
and causes a local response.
inflammatory
response

TIME Minutes Days


EXAMPLE Anaphylaxis Acute Transfusion Rheumatoid Arthritis, Contact Dermatitis,
Reaction Vasculitis, Mantoux tuberculin
Glomerulonephritis test

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