Chapter 5
Multiplexing : Sharing a Medium
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Chapter 5
Making connections – multiplexing
• Many into one; one into many (spatial)
•Will use time and frequency to do it.
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Introduction
Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one
signal at any moment in time.
For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must
somehow be divided, giving each signal a portion of the total
bandwidth.
The current techniques that can accomplish this include
•frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
•time division multiplexing (TDM)
•Synchronous vs statistical
•wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
•code division multiplexing (CDM) 3
Multiplexing
Multiplexor (MUX)
Demultiplexor (DEMUX)
Sometimes just called a MUX
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Multiplexing
• Two or more simultaneous transmissions on
a single circuit.
– Transparent to end user.
• Multiplexing costs less.
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Frequency Division Multiplexing
Analog signaling is used to transmits the signals.
Broadcast radio and television, cable television, and the
AMPS cellular phone systems use frequency division
multiplexing.
This technique is the oldest multiplexing technique.
Since it involves analog signaling, it is more susceptible to
noise.
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Frequency Division Multiplexing
Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each
“user” or signal on a medium. Thus, all signals are
transmitted at the same time, each using different frequencies.
A multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each
device.
The multiplexor is attached to a high-speed communications
line.
A corresponding multiplexor, or demultiplexor, is on the end
of the high-speed line and separates the multiplexed signals. 6
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FDM
Chapter 5
Time Division Multiplexing
Sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing available
transmission time on a medium among users.
Digital signaling is used exclusively.
Time division multiplexing comes in two basic forms:
1. Synchronous time division multiplexing, and
2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division multiplexing.
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Chapter 5
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
The original time division multiplexing.
The multiplexor accepts input from attached devices in a
round-robin fashion and transmit the data in a never ending
pattern.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of
synchronous time division multiplexing.
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Chapter 5
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
If one device generates data at a faster rate than other devices,
then the multiplexor must either sample the incoming data
stream from that device more often than it samples the other
devices, or buffer the faster incoming stream.
If a device has nothing to transmit, the multiplexor must still
insert a piece of data from that device into the multiplexed
stream.
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Synchronous time division multiplexing
So that the receiver may stay synchronized with the incoming
data stream, the transmitting multiplexor can insert
alternating 1s and 0s into the data stream.
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
Three types popular today:
•T-1 multiplexing (the classic)
•ISDN multiplexing
•SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)
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The T1 (1.54 Mbps) multiplexor stream is a continuous series
of frames of both digitized data and voice channels.
24 separate 64Kbps channels
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
The ISDN multiplexor stream is also a continuous stream of
frames. Each frame contains various control and sync info.
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Chapter 5
SONET – massive data rates
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Synchronous TDM
• Very popular
• Line will require as much bandwidth as all
the bandwidths of the sources
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active
workstations (or why work when you don’t have to).
If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the
multiplexed stream.
A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams
and creates a frame containing only the data to be transmitted.
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
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Figure 6.12 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
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Note
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique
for combining several low-rate digital
channels into one high-rate one.
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Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
6.
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INTERLEAVING
The process of taking a
group of bits from
each input line
for multiplexing is
called interleaving
.
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Figure 6.15 Interleaving
6.
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TDM
Asynchronous TDM
Advantages and Disadvantages
Comparision
Comparision
Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
Give each message a different wavelength (frequency)
Easy to do with fiber optics and optical sources
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Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM)
Dense wavelength division multiplexing is often called just
wavelength division multiplexing
Dense wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes multiple
data streams onto a single fiber optic line.
Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas) transmit the
multiple signals.
Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a
different rate from the other signals.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines
many
40, 50,(30,
60, more?) onto one fiber. 29
WDM
WDM
• BW of single fiber band is about 25000 GHz
• There is great potential for multiplexing many optical
channel together over long routes
• It is specially used for fiber optics.
• Modulate the optical signal at different optical wavelength.
• Resulting signal after modulation are combined using the
optical multiplexer and common signal is transmitted over a
single optical fiber.
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WDM System
• OC48 is capable of using 16 wavelength
• It provide bit rate =16X2.5 = 40 Gbps
• OC192 multiplex 32 wavelength .
WDM
Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
Old but now new method
Also known as code division multiple access (CDMA)
An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to
transmit on the same frequencies at the same time using
different codes
Used for mobile communications
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Code Division Multiplexing
An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to
transmit on the same frequencies at the same time.
Each mobile device is assigned a unique 64-bit code (chip
spreading code)
To send a binary 1, mobile device transmits the unique
code
To send a binary 0, mobile device transmits the inverse of
code
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 5
Code Division Multiplexing
Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by receiver code,
adds up the resulting values
Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64
Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near –64
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