Nuclei
Atomic Nucleus
Properties of Atom & Nuclei
Nuclear Binding energy
Nuclear forces
Radioactive decay
Nuclear energy
Atomic Nucleus
Radius of nucleus = m
Neutron : James Chadwick
Atomic number (Z) :
+P
Z = No. of proton/ No. of Electron
Mass number (A) :
-
A = No. of proton + No. of Neutron (N)
- Electron X = Element
A
+ Proton
Z
X A = Z + N
0 Neutron
16 12
e.g :
8
O , 6
O
Atomic Nucleus
Isotopes Isobars Isotones
Same atomic no. (Z) Different atomic no. (Z) Different atomic no. (Z)
Different mass no. (A) Same mass no. (A) Different mass no. (A)
e.g : Different no. of Neutrons (N) Same no. of Neutrons
4
(N)
1 2 3 3 3 He
H H H 3
H He e.g : H 2
1 1 1 e.g : 1 2 1
Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium Hydrogen Helium-3 Hydrogen Helium-4
Electron Proton Neutron
Properties of Atom & Nuclei
1) Mass of sub-atomic particle :
Mass of electron ( ) Mass of proton () Mass of neutron ( )
= 9.10 × 10-31 kg = 0.00055 u
= 1.6726 × 10-27 kg = 1.0078 u
= 1.6749 × 10-27 kg = 1.0086 u
= 0.511 M eV/C 2 1 u = 1.6605 X 10-27 kg
= 938.28 M eV/C2
=939.57 M eV/C 2 1 u = 931.5 MeV/C2
Properties of Atom & Nuclei
2) Size of Nuclei ( R ) :
R= Radius of nucleus
R =Atomic radius
R R = 1.2 × 10-15 m
R
R=R A
3) Density of Nuclei ( ρ ) :
Average mass of proton & neutron () :
ρ= =
ρ = 2.3 × 1017 kg/ ρ = Osmium = 2.2 × 104 kg/
Nuclear Binding energy
16 P=8 , N=8 , E =8
e.g : O
8
= 0.00055 u , = 1.0078 u , = 1.0086 u
= Mass of O-atom by spectroscopy
= Expected mass of O = 15.9949 u
= [ Z + (A -Z) ] = Mass of electron in O-atom
= [ 8 X 1.0072 + (16 -8) ] = [ 8 X 0.00055]
= 16.1274 u = 0.0044 u
M =Experimental mass of O-atom
M = - =15.9949 – 0.0044
= 15.9905 u
-M
= 16.1274 – 15.9905
= 0.1369 u
Nuclear Binding energy
Energy required to separate proton & neutron from each other
:
= -M = Expected mass
= [ Z + (A -Z) ] – M M = Mass by spectroscopy
By Einstein equation:
E = c2
Binding energy of nucleus:
= { [ Z + (A -Z) ] – M } c2
= Binding energy per nucleon
Nuclear forces
Fundamental forces :
1) Gravitational force 2) Electrostatic force
3) Strong nuclear force 4) Weak nuclear force
Magnitude of
Sr.No. Type of force Limit Where it produced
force
1) Gravitational force - ∞ Anywhere in universe
2) Electrostatic force 1038 - 1040 ∞ Bet charged particle
3) Strong nuclear force 1040 - 1042 10-15 Nucleon
4) Weak nuclear force 1025 - 1026 10-18 Nucleon & Electron
Nuclear forces
Weak nuclear force
Strong nuclear force
e
p
n
Nucleus
Atom
There is repulsive force bet proton
There is attractive force bet electron & Nucleus
Radioactive decay
Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus
(Unstable) (Unstable)
Emission of particles
α+, β-,γ0
1896: - A.H. Becquerel
Uranium potassium sulphate
Radioactive decay
1) Alpha decay(α+) :
2 N + 2P
A 210 unstable nucleus
Electrostatic repulsion bet Proton Attractive nuclear force
e.g:
Kinetic energy of the product (Q) :
[ - – ] c2
Radioactive decay
2) Beta decay(β-) :
Z+1
e -
𝜗
1 less N & 1 extra P
Z-1 e - 𝜗
1 less P & 1 extra N
Radioactive decay
3) Gamma decay(γ0) :
Ground state Atomic Energy level eV
Like Atom Nucleus also have discrete energy level
Excited state Nuclear Energy level M.ev
Nucleus
Excited state
Energy level difference (Emitted photon energy of Nucleus)
Ground state
Radioactive decay
Laws of radioactive decay :
“For a particular time, the rate of radioactive decay of an atom is
directly proportional to the number of nuclei of the elements
present at that time.”
= No. of radioactive atom( parent nucleus)
N(t) = No. . of radioactive atom after time t ( daughter nucleus)
N(t) = Decay law
Decay const. ( ) :
It is proportionality between the size of a population of radioactive
atoms and the rate at which the population decreases because of
radioactive decay.
Radioactive decay
Decay from time interval t to (t+dt )of Nuclei
dN = - N(t) dt
Activity (A) in time interval dt :
A= - A at time t=0 ;
=
A=
A(t) =
SI unit of Activity is Becquerel ( Bq) or Curie (Ci)
1 Bq = One decay per sec. 1 Ci=3.7 X 1010 Bq
Radioactive decay
Half life period of radioactive material ( ) :
= = =2
Average life of radioactive species
=
= 0.693
Nuclear energy
To break binding energy.
1) Nuclear fission :
Split
One heavy nucleus Two lighter nuclei
e.g: Uranium
235
92
U
Nuclear energy
e.g:
Chain reaction :
Cascading effect
In Atomic bomb & Nuclear reactor.
Nuclear energy
2) Nuclear fusion :
Fuse
Two lighter nuclei One heavy nucleus
Difficulty Electrostatic repulsion bet no. of electrons & no. of protons
Needs high temp & pressure
Nuclear energy
e.g:
2
H
1
3
H
1
In center of stars : Sun
Nuclear energy
1) Nuclear fission : 2) Nuclear fusion :
Nuclei
1) An atom of carbon has 6 protons. Its mass number is 12. How many neutrons are
present in an atom of carbon?
(a) 12 (c) 10 (b) 6 (d) 14
2) Which one of the following is not a form of stored energy?
(a) Nuclear energy (b) Potential energy
(c) Electrical energy (d) Chemical energy
3) Two atoms are said to be isotopes. if
(a)they have same atomic number but different mass numbers
(b) they have same number of neutrons but different mass number
(c) the sum of the number of protons and neutrons is same but number of protons are
different.
(d) they have same number of neutrons but different modes of radioactive decay.
4) The most of the mass of an atom can be found in
(a) electrons (b) charges
(c) nucleus (d) electron cloud
Nuclei
5) The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by
(a) Marie Curie (b) Pierre Curie (c) Henry Becquerel (d) JJ Thomson
6) Which of the following statements is correct?
1. Isotopes atoms with same atomic number but different atomic mass.
2. Isobars atoms with same number of neutrons but different atomic number.
3. Isotones atoms with same mass number but different atomic number
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) Only 2 (b) Only 1
(c) 1 and 2 (d) All of these
Nuclei
7) A nucleus of mass number 189 splits into two nuclei having mass numbers 125 and 64.
The ratio of the radius of two daughter nuclei respectively is:
a. 25:16 b. 1:1 c. 4:5 d. 5:4
8) What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits
gamma-radiation?
a) Mass number decreases by four and atomic number decreases by two.
b) Mass number and atomic number remain unchanged.
c) Mass number remains unchanged while atomic number decreases by one.
d) Mass number increases by four and the atomic number increases by two
Nuclei
9) A radioactive nucleus Z X A undergoes spontaneous decay in the sequence
zX → z-1B→ z-3C → z-2D, where Z is the atomic number of element X. The possible decay
A
particles in the sequence are:
(a) β+, α, β- (b) β-, α, β+
(c) α, β-, β+ (d) α, β+, β-
10) Particles which can be added to the nucleus of an atom without changing its
chemical properties are called
(a) Neutrons (b) electrons
(c) Protons (d) alpha particles
Nuclei
11)The radius of a nucleus is
(a) directly proportional to its mass number
(b) inversely proportional to its atomic weight
(c) directly proportional to the cube root of its mass number
(d) None of these
12) Nucleus of an atom whose atomic mass is 24 consists of
(a) 11 electrons, 11 protons and 13 neutrons
(b) 11 electrons, 13 protons and 11 neutrons
(c) 11 protons and 13 neutrons
(d) 11 protons and 13 electrons
13) Nuclear forces exists between
(a) neutron – neutron (b) proton – proton
(c) neutron – proton (d) all of these
Nuclei
14) If a radioactive element is placed in an evacuated chamber, then the rate of
radioactive decay will
(a) decrease (b) remains unchanged
(c) increase (d) none of these
15) One curie is equal to
(a) 3.7 × 1010 disintegration/sec
(b) 3.2 × 108 disintegration/sec
(c) 2.8 × 1010 disintegration/sec
(d) None of these
16) Nuclear Fusion reactions take place at high temperature because
(a) atoms are ionised at high temperature
(b) molecules break up at high temperature
(c) nuclei break up at high temperature
(d) kinetic enrgy is high enough to overcome repulsion between nuclei
1.A far sighted person has far point at 100 cm. What must be the power of
correcting lens ?
2.A near sighted person has far point at 60 cm. What must be the power of
correcting lens ?
Ray optics
Farsightness
