ATOMS
THROUGHOUT TIME.
By: Nirva Shah
Introduction of
Atom Theories
◦The atomic theories have greater importance in
understanding atoms. We can better grasp
everything by using atomic theories, which also
explain why certain objects behave the way they
do. By making improvements in industries like
chemistry, electricity, healthcare, and more, they
have resolved issues that exist in the actual
world. For instance, they have influenced the
creation of fresh materials, improved medical
treatments, and sustainable energy sources.
What we will look at:
John Dalton – an English Ernest Rutherford – a New
physicist, meteorologist, JJ Thomson – a British
Zealand physicist. He is known
physicist who discovered
and chemist. He was best electrons. He also proposed
for his alpha-scattering
known for his atomic experiment and his nuclear
the plum pudding model. model for the atom.
theory
Niels Bohr – A Danish physicist who James Chadwick – James
proposed an atomic model where Chadwick was an English
electrons occupy orbits based on their physicist who discovered the
energy levels. The closer the electrons neutron, which confirmed the
are to the nucleus, the less energy they initial structure of the atomic
have. nucleus.
John Dalton
Dalton’s theory states that all substance is made up of inseparable
atoms, that every atom in a certain element has the same mass and
properties and that compounds are mixtures of two or more various This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
kinds of atoms.
◦ Experiment: In an enclosed container over water, Dalton conducted
an experiment in which nitric oxide and oxygen were combined and
this discovery led to:
◦ Results: The incomplete pressures that each gas produced while
consuming the same space added up to the overall pressure of a
mixture of gases.
JJ Thompson
◦ Thomson’s theory was that atoms were divisible and could be broken
down into subatomic particles.
◦ J.J. Thomson discovered electrons by testing cathode ray tubes. He
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
used two oppositely charged electric plates to observe the particles
and found that the positively charged plate deflected the cathode ray.
◦ The plum pudding model describes electrons as positively charged
'pudding' with negatively charged 'plums' buried within it.
◦ The deflection of the cathode ray or particle beam by the positively
charged plate indicates the presence of electrons in the cathode ray.
◦ The contrast between Dalton's and Thomson's models of the atom was
that Dalton's model had different elements made up of different
atoms, but Thomson's model had atoms with smaller particles called
electrons. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Ernest Rutherford
◦ Rutherford’s theory stated that an atom has a small, dense positively
charged core named a nucleus.
◦ In the Rutherford experiment, alpha particles were aimed at gold foil. The
scattering was detected using a zinc sulphide sheet. The experiment
showed that gold atoms have mostly space.
◦ Rutherford's nuclear model depicted that an atom's nucleus is surrounded
by electrons that have a negative charge.
◦ Results: Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment proposed the nuclear
model of an atom where a small, positively charged nucleus contains
almost all the mass, and the light, negatively charged electrons orbit
around it. 1 in 8000 particles bounced in the experiment.
◦ In Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom, negatively charged
electrons were enclosed by a positively charged "soup” whilst in
Rutherford’s model, an atom’s nucleus is surrounded by negatively
charged electrons.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Niels Bohr
◦ His theory was that the electrons nearest to the nucleus
have less energy than those furthest from the nucleus.
◦ He created the model after researching the light that hot,
blazing hydrogen emits. When a fluorescent light bulb is
turned on, all the various light wavelengths are released.
◦ According to Bohr's findings, the quantity of electrons in
the outer orbit affects an element's properties and
electrons circulate about the nucleus in various orbits.
◦ Bohr's quantum model has electrons orbiting the nucleus,
while Rutherford's model shows most of the atom as
empty space with a small, positively charged nucleus.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
James Chadwick
◦ James Chadwick’s theory was that an atom doesn’t only
consist of protons and electrons but also neutrons, the
neutral.
◦ In the experiment, Chadwick struck Beryllium with
alpha particles produced by the radioactive decay of
natural polonium. High radiation piercing through a lead
shield was seen throughout the experiment.
◦ His experiment was advantageous. He established the
neutron's existence and that it had a mass that was just
0.1 per cent greater than a proton.
◦ Chadwick's atomic model refined Bohr's model by
discovering the existence of neutrons, while Bohr's
model describes electrons orbiting the atom's nucleus in
defined lanes.
Whose model had the
biggest change?
In my opinion, Ernest Rutherford’s nuclear model
made the biggest change out of all the scientists’
models.
◦ Dalton's thesis proposed that all matter is made up
of atoms with the same mass and properties, while
Thomson suggested that atoms could be divided
into subatomic particles like electrons and protons.
Rutherford's model, introduced the concept of the
nucleus, unlike the others. That’s why
Rutherford’s model had the biggest modification.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
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.
THANK YOU!
By: Nirva Shah.
