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8086 Archi

The Intel x86 architecture has evolved significantly over the years from an 8-bit 8080 microprocessor to today's 64-bit multi-core processors. Some of the key developments include the 8086 which introduced the 16-bit architecture, the 8086-3 which was Intel's first 32-bit processor allowing it to compete with mainframes, and the Pentium which introduced superscalar techniques and cache memory to improve performance. The latest iterations such as the Core 2 extended the architecture to 64-bits and placed multiple processor cores on a single chip.

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34 views6 pages

8086 Archi

The Intel x86 architecture has evolved significantly over the years from an 8-bit 8080 microprocessor to today's 64-bit multi-core processors. Some of the key developments include the 8086 which introduced the 16-bit architecture, the 8086-3 which was Intel's first 32-bit processor allowing it to compete with mainframes, and the Pentium which introduced superscalar techniques and cache memory to improve performance. The latest iterations such as the Core 2 extended the architecture to 64-bits and placed multiple processor cores on a single chip.

Uploaded by

MAHENDRA ZALA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EVOLUTION OF INTEL X86 ARCHITECTURE:

intel x86 architecture has evolved over the years.

From a 29,000 transistors microprocessor 8086 that was the first introduced to a
quad core, Intel core 2 which contains 820 million transistors, the organization
and technology has changed dramatically.

Some of the highlights of evolution of x86 architecture are:

8080 –
It was the world’s first general purpose microprocessor.
It was an 8-bit machine, with an 8-bit data path to memory.
It was used in the first personal computer.

8086 –
It was a 16-bit machine and was far more powerful than previous one.

It had a wider data path of 16-bits and larger registers along with an
instruction cache or queue that prefetches a few instructions
before
they are executed.

It is the first appearance of 8086 architecture. It has a real mode and an


addressable memory of 1 MB.
8086 – 2
It has an addressable memory of 16 MB instead of just 1 MB and contains
two modes-real mode and first generation 16-bit protected mode.
It has a data transfer width of 16-bits and programming model of 16-bits
(16-bits general purpose registers and 16-bit addressing).

8086 – 3

It was Intel’s first 32-bit machine.

Due to its 32-bit architecture it was able to compete against the


complexity and power of microcomputers and mainframes introduced just
a few years earlierIt was the first processor to support multitasking and
contained the 32-bit protected mode.

It also implemented the concept of paging (permitted 32-bit virtual


memory address to be translated into 32-bit physical memory address).

It has an addressable physical memory of 4 GB and data transfer width


of 32-bits.
(16-bits general purpose registers and 16-bit addressing).
.
8086 – 4
It introduced the concept of cache technology and instruction pipelining.
It contained write protect feature and offered a built in math co-processor that
offloaded complex math operations from the main CPU.
Pentium –
The use of superscalar techniques was introduced as multiple instructions started
executing in parallel.
The page size extension (PSE) feature was added as a minor enhancement in
paging.
Pentium Pro –

It used register renaming, branch prediction, data flow analysis, speculative


execution and more pipeline stages.
Advanced optimization techniques in microcode were also added along with
level 2 cache.
It implemented the second generation address translation in which 32-bit virtual
address is translated into 36-bit physical memory address.

Pentium II –

It was able to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently by incorporating
Intel MMX technology (multimedia data set).
Pentium III –

It contains SMD (streaming extensions) instructions (SSE) and supports 3D


graphics software.
It has a maximum CPU clock rate of 1.4 GHz and contained 70 new instructions .
Pentium 4 –

It implements third generation address translation that translates 48-bit virtual


memory address to 48-bit physical memory address.
It contains other floating point enhancements for multimedia.
Core –

It is the first Intel microprocessor with dual core that is the implementation of 2
processors on a single chip.
There is an addition of Visualizing Technology.
Core 2 –

It extends the architecture to 64-bits and core 2 Quad provides four processors
on a single chip.
The register set as well as addressing modes are of 64-bits.

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