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PL SQL 1

This document provides an overview of PL/SQL syntax and programming. It discusses PL/SQL syntax structure including declarations, executable commands, and exception handling sections. It also covers variable declaration and scope, conditional statements like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE statements, and nested conditional logic. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate PL/SQL programming concepts. The document appears to be from a lecture on advanced database management systems focusing on the PL/SQL programming language.

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maliknad971
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17 views44 pages

PL SQL 1

This document provides an overview of PL/SQL syntax and programming. It discusses PL/SQL syntax structure including declarations, executable commands, and exception handling sections. It also covers variable declaration and scope, conditional statements like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE statements, and nested conditional logic. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate PL/SQL programming concepts. The document appears to be from a lecture on advanced database management systems focusing on the PL/SQL programming language.

Uploaded by

maliknad971
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

PL/SQL
Lecture 20
Fahad Maqbool
Department of Computer Science

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Syntax
• Declarations (Optional)
• Declares all variables, cursors, subprograms etc.

• Executable Commands (Mandatory)


• Executable PL/SQL statements of the program
• At least one executable line of code

• Exception Handling (Optional)


• Handle errors in the program

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Syntax
• Every PL/SQL statement ends with a semicolon
• PL/SQL blocks can be nested within other PL/SQL blocks
using BEGIN and END

DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN
<executable command(s)>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling>
END;

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Example
DECLARE message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, World!';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/

Hello World

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Variable Declaration in PL/SQL


variable_name [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL] [:= | DEFAULT initial_value]

sales number(10, 2);


pi CONSTANT double precision := 3.1415;
name varchar2(25);
address varchar2(100);

sales number(10, 2);


name varchar2(25);
address varchar2(100);

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Initializing Variables in PL/SQL


• PL/SQL assigns it a default value of NULL.
• To initialize use
• DEFAULT keyword
• Assignment operator

counter binary_integer := 0;
greetings varchar2(20) DEFAULT 'Have a Good Day';

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Initializing Variables in PL/SQL


DECLARE
a integer := 10;
b integer := 20;
c integer;
f real;
BEGIN
c := a + b;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of c: ' || c);
f := 70.0/3.0;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of f: ' || f);
END;
/

Value of c: 30
Value of f: 23.333333333333333333
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Variable Scope in PL/SQL


• Local variables − Variables declared in an inner block and
inaccessible to outer blocks.

• Global variables − Variables declared in the outermost block or a


package.

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

DECLARE

Variable Scope -- Global variables


num1 number := 95;
num2 number := 85;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable
num1: ' || num1);
Outer Variable num1: 95 dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable
Outer Variable num2: 85 num2: ' || num2);
Inner Variable num1: 195 DECLARE
Inner Variable num2: 185 -- Local variables
num1 number := 195;
PL/SQL procedure successfully num2 number := 185;
completed. BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable
num1: ' || num1);
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable
num2: ' || num2);
END;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

SQL Query Results to PL/SQL Variables


CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25),
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)


VALUES (1, ‘Ali', 32, ‘Lahore', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)


VALUES (2, ‘Zohaib', 25, ‘Islamabad', 1500.00 );

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

SQL Query Results to PL/SQL Variables


DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line
('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' || c_sal);
END;
/

Customer Ali from Lahore earns 2000


PL/SQL procedure completed successfully
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

DECLARE
-- constant declaration
pi constant number := 3.141592654;
-- other declarations
radius number(5,2);
dia number(5,2);
circumference number(7, 2);
area number (10, 2);
BEGIN
-- processing
radius := 9.5;
dia := radius * 2;
circumference := 2.0 * pi * radius;
area := pi * radius * radius;
-- output
dbms_output.put_line('Radius: ' || radius);
dbms_output.put_line('Diameter: ' || dia);
dbms_output.put_line('Circumference: ' || circumference);
dbms_output.put_line('Area: ' || area);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Conditional Statements
• IF-THEN
• IF-THEN-ELSE
• IF-THEN-ELSIF
• CASE
• SEARCHED CASE
• NESTED IF-THEN-ELSE

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

IF condition THEN
IF-THEN S;
END IF;

DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
a:= 10;
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following

dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );


END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
/
a is less than 20
value of a is : 10

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

IF-THEN-ELSE
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('a is not less than 20 ' );
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
/

a is not less than 20


value of a is : 100
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

IF-THEN-ELSIF
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
IF ( a = 10 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 10' );
ELSIF ( a = 20 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 20' );
ELSIF ( a = 30 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 30' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('None of the values is matching');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is: '|| a );
END;
/
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

CASE
DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'A';
BEGIN
CASE grade
when 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Well done');
when 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('You passed');
when 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Better try again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
END CASE;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Searched CASE
DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'B';
BEGIN
case
when grade = 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when grade = 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when grade = 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Well done');
when grade = 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('You passed');
when grade = 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Better try
again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
end case;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Nested IF-THEN-ELSE
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
b number(3) := 200;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition
IF( a = 100 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then check the following
IF( b = 200 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 100 and b is 200' );
END IF;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is : ' || a );
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of b is : ' || b );
END;
/
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Loops
• Simple Loop

• For While

• While Loop

• Nested Loop

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Simple Loop
DECLARE x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
IF x > 50 THEN
exit;
END IF;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Simple Loop
DECLARE
x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
exit WHEN x > 50;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

While Loop

DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
WHILE a < 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
a := a + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

For Loop

DECLARE
a number(2);
BEGIN
FOR a in 10 .. 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Reverse For Loop

DECLARE
a number(2) ;
BEGIN
FOR a IN REVERSE 10 .. 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Nested Loops DECLARE


i number(3);
j number(3);
BEGIN
i := 2;
LOOP
j:= 2;
LOOP
exit WHEN ((mod(i, j) = 0) or (j = i));
j := j +1;
END LOOP;
IF (j = i ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line(i || ' is prime');
END IF;
i := i + 1;
exit WHEN i = 50;
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Arrays

CREATE Or REPLACE TYPE namearray IS VARRAY(3) OF


VARCHAR2(10);
/

TYPE namearray IS VARRAY(5) OF VARCHAR2(10);


Type grades IS VARRAY(5) OF INTEGER;

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Arrays
DECLARE
type namesarray IS VARRAY(5) OF VARCHAR2(10);
type grades IS VARRAY(5) OF INTEGER;
names namesarray;
marks grades;
total integer;
BEGIN
names := namesarray('Kavita', 'Pritam', 'Ayan', 'Rishav', 'Aziz');
marks:= grades(98, 97, 78, 87, 92);
total := names.count;
dbms_output.put_line('Total '|| total || ' Students');
FOR i in 1 .. total LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Student: ' || names(i) || '
Marks: ' || marks(i));
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Sub Program
• Schema Level
• standalone subprogram
• CREATE PROCEDURE / DROP PROCEDURE
• Inside Package
• Packaged SubProgram
• Can be deleted with DROP PACKAGE
• Inside PL/SQL Block

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Sub Program Types


• Functions − These subprograms return a single value; mainly used to
compute and return a value.

• Procedures − These subprograms do not return a value directly;


mainly used to perform an action.

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Procedures
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;
/

EXECUTE greetings;

BEGIN
greetings;
END;
/

DROP PROCEDURE greetings;


University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Procedures DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number)
IS
BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
findMin(a, b, c);
dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Procedures

DECLARE
a number;
PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN OUT number) IS
BEGIN
x := x * x;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
squareNum(a);
dbms_output.put_line(' Square of (23): ' || a);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Functions CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalCustomers


RETURN number IS
total number(2) := 0;
BEGIN
SELECT count(*) into total
FROM customers;

RETURN total;
END;
/

DECLARE
c number(2);
BEGIN
c := totalCustomers();
dbms_output.put_line('Total no. of Customers: ' || c);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023
DECLARE
a number;
Functions b number;
c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number)
RETURN number
IS
z number;
BEGIN
IF x > y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
Z:= y;
END IF;
RETURN z;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
c := findMax(a, b);
dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c);
END;
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023
DECLARE
num number;
Recursive Functions factorial number;

FUNCTION fact(x number)


RETURN number
IS
f number;
BEGIN
IF x=0 THEN
f := 1;
ELSE
f := x * fact(x-1);
END IF;
RETURN f;
END;

BEGIN
num:= 6;
factorial := fact(num);
dbms_output.put_line(' Factorial '|| num || ' is ' || factorial);
END;
University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Cursors
• Implicit Cursors
• Automatically created when SQL executed

• Explicit Cursors
• Programmer-defined
• Declaring the cursor for initializing the memory
• Opening the cursor for allocating the memory
• Fetching the cursor for retrieving the data
• Closing the cursor to release the allocated memory

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Implicit Cursors
DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no customers selected');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers selected
');
END IF;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Explicit Cursors
CURSOR c_customers IS
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;

OPEN c_customers;

FETCH c_customers INTO c_id, c_name, c_addr;

CLOSE c_customers;

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Explicit Cursors
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
CURSOR c_customers is
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
BEGIN
OPEN c_customers;
LOOP
FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;
EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c_customers;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Records
• Table Based
• Cursor Based
• User Defined

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Table Based Records


DECLARE
customer_rec customers%rowtype;
BEGIN
SELECT * into customer_rec
FROM customers
WHERE id = 5;
dbms_output.put_line('Customer ID: ' || customer_rec.id);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Name: ' || customer_rec.name);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Address: ' || customer_rec.address);
dbms_output.put_line('Customer Salary: ' || customer_rec.salary);
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

Cursor Based Records


DECLARE
CURSOR customer_cur is
SELECT id, name, address
FROM customers;
customer_rec customer_cur%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN customer_cur;
LOOP
FETCH customer_cur into customer_rec;
EXIT WHEN customer_cur%notfound;
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(customer_rec.id || ' ' || customer_rec.name);
END LOOP;
END;
/

University of Sargodha
Advance Database Management System – Fall 2023

DECLARE
User Def Records type books is record
(title varchar(50),
author varchar(50),
subject varchar(100),
book_id number);
book1 books;
book2 books;
BEGIN
-- Book 1 specification
book1.title := 'C Programming';
book1.author := 'Nuha Ali ';
book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial';
book1.book_id := 6495407;

-- Print book 1 record


dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 title : '|| book1.title);
dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 book_id : ' || book1.book_id);

END;

University of Sargodha

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