1.

5 MEASUREMENT
IMPORTANCE of MEASUREMENT
 In science, experiments are performed.
 Numerical values or data are obtained from these experiments.

What is wrong with this measurement?

45.7

Always include a numerical value and a unit!

These instruments provide measurements of macroscopic properties, which

can be determined directly. Microscopic properties, on the atomic or
molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method, as we will see in
Chapter 2

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 These instruments provide measurements of macroscopic properties, which
can be determined directly. Microscopic properties, on the atomic or
molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method, as we will see in
Chapter 2

3
 SI (International System) Units

Measurements that we will utilize frequently in our study of chemistry include time, mass,
volume, density, and temperature.

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Mass and Weight
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object. The terms “mass” and “weight” are
often used interchangeably, although, strictly speaking, they refer to different quantities. In
scientific terms, weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object.
Volume
Volume is length (m) cubed, so its SI-derived unit is the cubic meter (m3 ).
Generally, however, chemists work with much smaller volumes, such as the
cubic centimeter (cm3 ) and the cubic decimeter (dm3 ):
Density
Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume:
Density
Temperature is a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules that make up a

substance move.
Three temperature scales are currently in use. Their units are ℉ (degrees Fahrenheit), ℃
(degrees Celsius), and K (kelvin).

Freezing point Boiling point

℉ 32℉ 212℉

℃ 0℃ 100℃

Kelvin is the SI base unit of temperature; it is the absolute temperature scale.

Three formula in getting temperature scales;

FORMULA

℉ ℉= 9/5 ℃ + 32

℃ ℃= 5/9 (℉-32)

K= ℃ + 273.15
K

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1.6 HANDLING
NUMBERS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
-when working with very large and very
small numbers, we use this system so-
called Scientific Notation.

Ex:

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

0.0000000056 x 0.00000000048 = 0.000000000000000002688

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Regardless of their magnitude, all numbers can be expressed in the form;

where N is a number between 1 and 10 and n, the exponent, is a positive or

negative integer (whole number). Any number expressed in this way is said
to be written in scientific notation

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 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Suppose that we are given a certain number and asked to express it in scientific
notation. Basically, this assignment calls for us to find n.

We count the number of places that the decimal point must be moved to give the number N (which
is between 1 and 10).

 If the decimal point has to be moved to the left, then n is a positive integer;
 if it has to be moved to the right, n is a negative integer.

Example:
(1) Express 568.762 in scientific notation: 5.68762 X 102

Note that the decimal point is moved to the left by two places and n=2.

(2) Express 0.00000772 in scientific notation: 7.72 X 10-6

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To be in proper scientific notation the number must be written with
* a number between 1 and 10
* and multiplied by a power of ten

23 X 105 is not in proper scientific notation. Why?

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Examples
:

1. 137,000,000 =
2.23 X 10-5 =
3.347,000 =
4.902,000,000 =
5.61,400 =
6.7.806 X 10-6 =
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Keep in mind the following two points.

 First, n=0 is used for numbers that are not expressed in
scientific notation.
For example, 74.6 X 100 (n=0) is equivalent to 74.6.

 Second, the usual practice is to omit the superscript when n=1.

Thus the scientific notation for 74.6 is 7.46 X 10 and not
74.6 X 101 .

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
….in arithmetic operations

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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
….in arithmetic operations

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES the meaningful digits in a
measured or calculated
quantity.

Guidelines for Counting Significant Figures

1. Any digit that is not zero is significant.
845 cm has three significant figures,
1.234 kg has four significant figures, and so on.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. Thus, 606m contains three
significant figures, 40,501 kg contains five significant figures, and so on.

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Guidelines for Counting Significant Figures

3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. Their purpose is to indicate
the placement of the decimal point.

For example:
0.08 L contains one significant figure
0.0000349 g contains three significant figures.

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Guidelines for Counting Significant Figures

4. If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to the right of the
decimal point count as significant figures. Thus,

For example:
2.0 mg has two significant figures
40.062 mL has five significant figures
3.040 dm has four significant figures

If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end of the number
and the zeros that are between nonzero digits are significant.

For example:
0.090 kg has two significant figures
0.3005 L has four significant figures
0.00420 min has three significant figures

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Guidelines for Counting Significant Figures

5. For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the trailing zeros (that is,
zeros after the last nonzero digit) may or may not be significant.

For example:
400 cm may have one significant figure (the digit 4),
two significant figures (40), or three significant figures (400).

We cannot know which is correct without more information. By using scientific

notation, however, we avoid this ambiguity.

In this particular case, we can express the number 400;

 4 X 102 for one significant figure
 4.0 X 102 for two significant figures
 4.00 X 102 for three significant figures.

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 ZERO
Leading zeros do not count as
significant figures.

0.0486 has 3 sig figs.

Leading
zeros
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 Zeros
Captive zeros always count
assignificant figures.
\\

16.07 has 4 sig figs.

Captive zero

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Zeros
Trailing zeros are significant only if the
number contains a decimal point.
9.300 has 4 sig figs.

Trailing zeros

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Determine the number of significant figures in the
following measurements:

(a) 478 cm
(b) 6.01 g
(c) 0.825 m
(d) 0.043 kg
(e) 1.310 X 1022 atoms
(f) 7000 mL

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Zeros
Trailing zeros are not significant if the number does
not contain a decimal point.

9300 has 2 sig figs.

Trailing zeros

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A second set of rules specifies how to handle significant figures in calculations.

1. In addition and subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits to the right of the
decimal point than either of the original numbers. Consider these examples:

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The rounding-off procedure is as follows.

To round off a number at a certain point we simply drop the

digits that follow if the first of them is less than 5.
For example:

8.724 rounds off to 8.72 if we want only two digits after

the decimal point.

If the first digit following the point of rounding off is equal to or

greater than 5, we add 1 to the preceding digit.

For example:

8.727 rounds off to 8.73, and 0.425 rounds off to 0.43

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A second set of rules specifies how to handle significant figures in calculations.

2. In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the final product or
quotient is determined by the original number that has the smallest number of
significant figures. The following examples illustrate this rule:

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Carry out the following arithmetic operations
to the correct number of significant figures:

(a)11,254.1 g + 0.1983 g
(b) 66.59 L - 3.113 L
(c)8.16 m X 5.1355
(d)0.0154 kg/88.3 mL
(e) 2.64 X 103 + 3.27 X 102

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Answers with solution

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ACCURACY and PRECISION
Accuracy tells us how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity
that was measured.

Precision refers to how closely two or more measurements of the same

quantity agree with one another.

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