INTEGUMEMTARY

SYSTEM
INTEGUMEMTARY SYSTEM

• The largest,

• most observable,

• Easily assessable

• Most vunerable
PICTURE OF THE SKIN
INTEGUMEMTARY SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
• Skin

• Nails

• Hair

• Secretary glands
COMPONENTS OF INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM- SKIN
• Largest organ- 1.5- 2.0mm2, 15% of body weight

• Thickness ( 1-2mm), depends mostly on dermis, less on epidermis

E.g soles, palms, eyelids, genitals

• Consist of
• Epidermis

• Dermis
SKIN-EPIDERMIS
• Outer protective layer

• Consist of several different layer of epidermal cells- 4 or 5 layers

• Layers

1. Stratum basale( basel)

2. Stratum spinosum(spiny)

3. Stratum granulosum(granular)

4. Stratum lucidum(clear)
EPIDERMIS- STRATUM BASALE

• Located on the dermis

• Single layer of several epidermal cells

1. Keratinocytes- keratin

2. Melanocytes –melanin

3. Tactile - touch

4. Dentritic, Langerhans, macrophagic cells- phagocytic

 COLOUR OF SKIN- MELANOCYTES

• Melanocytes influence our colour through melanin secretion (MAIN)

• Melanin produced by a single cell is absorbed by several epidermal cells

• Synthesis/ production of melanin is influence by sunlight

• Melanocytes distribution is constant but varies among people

COLOUR OF SKIN-HAEMOGLOBIN
• A blood protein- globulin binds with iron to give a red colour

• Blood flowing close to the surface of the skin in poor melanin state

gives a pinkish colour.

• E.g lips, conjunctiva, white people

 COLOUR OF SKIN- ABNORMAL
• Why is the skin of neonates pink

• Cynosis of skin( lung disease-emphysema, cold exposure, cardiac arrest)

• Erythema(excessive redness of skin due permeable vessels) could suggest

exercise, anger, embarrassment, sunburns, bleaching)

• Yellowish skin( jaundice)

 CYNOSIS

A
B
 JUNDICE/ YELLOW SKIN
A B
STRATUM SPINOSUM-SPINY

• Originate from keratinocytes

• Cells appear like thorns

• 4-5 layer of spiny cells

• Stratum basale and spinosun are mitotic hence call

germinativum
EPIDERMAL-STRATUM GRANULOSUM
• Layer of cells have granules for keratin deposition
EPIDERMIS – STRATUM LUCIDIUM

• Cells in this layer lose their organels, cell membrame giving them

clear appearance

• Varies in the skin(present on soles, absent on hands)

EPIDERMIS- CORNEUM(HORN)

• Forms the outer protective layer of the skin or epidermis

• Has 25- 30 layers of dead cells

• Cells undergo cornification (keratination and flattening)

• Repeated friction causes callus

CALLUS
CALLUS
SKIN- DERMIS
• A dense connective tissue below the epidermis

• Consist of 2 layers

1. Stratum papillorosum- papillary layer( friction ridges of the soles and

palms)

2. Stratum recticulosum- recticular layer,

• More dense fibrous and elastic layer make the skin

distensible( flexible and strong like hide)
STRETCH MARKS
DERMIS CONT- OTHER COMPOSITION
• Nerves innervation- information sharing with skin

• Nerve supply to skin is Autonomic nerve system

• Nerves endings have receptors call sensory receptors

• Temperature, tactile, pressure, tickle and pain receptors

• Some nerves form network around glands, other have

free endings
SENSORY RECEPTORS
 DERMIS CONT- OTHER COMPOSITION

• Blood supple to the skin is by Blood vessels located within the dermis

• Blood provide nourishment to cells

• Helps in temperature regulation

• Helps in diagnosing other systems diseases e.g pale skin, bluish skin

• Blood pressure management( dilated vessel decrease pressure)

BED SORES
BED SORES
 DERMIS CONT- OTHER COMPOSITION(HAIR)

• Development of hair (hair follicle, bulb cells and keratinition

• Parts of hair ( root and shaft)

• Texture of hair-cross sectional(round=straight, oval= , flat=wave)

• Layers of hair ( inner medulla- spacious cells, middle cortex=dense tight cells,

outer cuticle= tough serrated cells)

• Hair colour (blond, brunette, black, white, red-trichosidrin)

BLOND
BRUNNETTE/ BROWN
RED HAIR
DERMIS CONT- OTHER
COMPOSITION(HAIR)

• Hair life span(3-4mths= eye lashes, 3-4yrs scalp hair)

• Type of hair ( lanugo, angora, definitive-defined growth length)

• Abnormality: baldness- exogen/telogen

DERMIS CONT- OTHER
COMPOSITIONS
DERMIS CONT- OTHER COMPOSITION(arrector
pilli)
• Small muscle fibers connected to the root of hair

• Muscle contract and relax in response to fear and cold- goose

pimple

• Though in small in size several contraction generate heat for the

body
 DERMIS CONT- OTHER COMPOSITION-GLANDS

• 3 types of glands in the dermis( sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary )

• All are exocrine glands (secrete content into duct or directly on body
surface)

SEBASEOUS/OIL GLANDS

• Formed from down growth of epidermal cells into the dermis

• Connected to hair follicles, secrete sebum into follicles( makes skin

pliable)
SEBASEOUS/OIL GLANDS

• Clinical application/abnormality
• Acne- blocked sebaceous gland
GLANDS-CERUMINOUS

• Special sweat glands- wax/cerumen

• Abnormal= impacted ears/hearing loss

GLANDS-MAMMARY

• SPECIAL sebaseous glands active only during child bearing age

• Estrogen matures the glands

• Prolactin cause them to secrete milk

GLANDS- SUDOFEROUS/ SWEAT GLANDS
• Numerous within the body

• Secrete sweat ( nitrogenous waste, NaCl)

Types: 1 eccrine (present and active at birth)

• Greater in Palms and soles, less in hands and legs, forehead etc

2 apocrine ( active after puberty), bigger than eccrine glands

• Located in the armpit and groins
• Secrete sweat into hair follicles
HYPODERMIS

• A connective tissue below the dermis

• Contains adipose and connective tissue

Integumentary system-nails
 Integumentary system-nails
• Nails are located at the tips of the digits of the hands/toes

• The nail is composed of dense compacted stratum corneum on the

on the nail bed/ stratum spinosum.

• Function- protect the digits, help in picking and grasping small

objects
Integumentary system-nails
• Nail colour ( pinkish)

• Abnormality

• Bluish colour (lungs, heart)

• Yellowish colour ( nutritional deficiency)

• Spoon shape (iron anaemia)

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN/ PHYSIOLOGY
• Protection

• Hydroregulation

• Temperature regulation

• Communication

• excretion
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN - protection
• How does the skin do that?
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN - protection
• Has four barrier/ways with which it offers us protection

• Chemical barrier: melanin (ultraviolent rays) and sebum (has acid

mantle ↓ skin ph, it also bacteriocidal), defensin (antibiotic),

cathelicindins( from damaged skin cell)

• Biological barrier

• Physical barrier
 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN – protection cont
BIOLOGICAL

• Langerhans /dendritic cells 1st line defense, antigen presenters

• Dermis macrophages, 2nd line defense

• DNA of skin cells( absorb hot ultraviolent rays heat, convert it to harmless

heat. More active in protection against sun compared to melanin

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN –cont
PHYSICAL PROTECTION

• Provided by the physical continuation of the skin

• Any physical assault must 1st pass hit the skin B4 other

systems

• Despite any injury, it has high repair rate

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN –cont

NEURAL PROTECTION

• Nerve supply and sensory receptors help with reflexes of the body

• E.g fire, nail prick, pressure

 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
HYDROREGULATION

• Skin regulate H2O exit and entry from the body

• These process help it with this function

1. Thickness of epidermis
2. Cornification of corneum
3. Keratinization of cell
4. Serration of corneum
 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

THERMO OR TEMPERATION REGULATION

• Heat production is a must process in the body

• Exercise/walking

• Digestion(peristalsis, secretion)

• Chemical activity of liver(secretion of plasma proteins, glycogen )

• Ovaries, heart etc

 THERMO OR TEMPERATION REGULATION

HEAT LOST

• Excess heat produced must be lost less cells die

• The main heat loss is controlled the nervous system(hypothalamus)

• The skin regulate small heat lost through

1. Difference in body and env’t temperature

2. Body surface area exposed (air is trapped between layers)

CONTROL OF BODY TEMPERATION BY THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Hypothalamus sense temperature rise

• Communicate to skin thro autonomic nerve

• Sweat glands secrete sweat

• Vasodilation of skin is increased-convection, evaporation,

conduction
 THERMO OR TEMPERATION REGULATION
hypothemia
• Temperature regulation may fail resulting in hypothermia (35 0 C)

• Compensatory mechanism are activated e.g shivering, vasoconstriction

• Hypothermia below 32 can’t trigger compensatory mechanism

• Result in muscle rigidity, cramps, low pulse, low BP, low respiration,
mental confusion, disorientation

• E.g protect neonates and aged from cold

SKIN CELLS SYNTHESIS

• Stratum basale( keratinocytes) synthesize keratin

• Stratum melanocytes produce melanin

• Within the skin is a special DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL

which synthesize Vit D when exposed to sunlight

CUTANEOUS/ SKIN ABSORPTION

• Impervious to H20 but absorption of:

• Some gases e.g Oxygen, CO2
• Ultra-violent light
• Steriods (costeriods and Lipids) e.g vit(A,D,E,K), gels,
creams. Hence toxic pesticides can harm man
 SKIN FUNCTION - COMMUNICATION
• Communication is exchange of information

1. The skin act as a mirror with which we reflect our emotions to outsiders

• Our emotions trigger facial muscles to contract or relax which is then seen
through the skin

• E.g emotions include sadness, joy, embarrassment, etc

2. Special skin cells also secrete odour that some people can detect. E.g the
blind can smell people.
SKIN FUNCTION - EXCRETION

• A minor excretory organ

1. Excrete nitrogenous waste e.g ammonia, urea, uric acid

2. Excrete NacL
EFFECTS OF AGING ON SKIN
• Decreased skin cells mitosis leading to decrease thickness of both layers

• Fibroblast decrease causing

• Collagen and elastin drops resulting in wrinkle skin

• Sebum secretion decrease causing dry skin

• Decreased neural and sedofirous activity – feel hot always

• Hair thins and flatten

• Grey hair appearance

• More sensitive to cold

 COMMON SKIN CONDITIONS
• Impertigo (staphalococcus/ streptococcus causes blister formation)

• Contagious

• Burnst blister cause crust

• Eczema( itching skin, blisters)

• Skin Wart (virus causes skin cells to over grow)

IMPERTIGO
WART
 BURNS
• Injury to the skin due to dry or wet heat
• E.g fire, steams, chemicals, cold etc
• Classification- base on extend of skin involved( 1st, 2nd and 3rd
degree burns)
• First degree- upper epidermis involved, pain (nerves intact), red skin
• 2nd degree burns- deep epidermis involved (besale), damaged cells
release histamin which causes blood capillaries to leak plasma leading
to blisters formation, pain
• 3rd degree: dermis involvement. No pain, bright red