PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• C3
• C4
• CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. C3
• A "normal" plant—one that doesn't have photosynthetic
adaptations to reduce photorespiration—is called a plant. The first
step of the Calvin cycle is the fixation of carbon dioxide by rubisco,
and plants that use only this "standard" mechanism of carbon
fixation are called plants, for the three-carbon compound (3-PGA)
the reaction produces. About 85% of the plant species on the
planet are C_3 plants, including rice, wheat, soybeans, and all trees.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2. C4
• In plants, the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically
separated, with the light-dependent reactions occurring in the mesophyll
cells (spongy tissue in the middle of the leaf) and the Calvin cycle
occurring in special cells around the leaf veins. These cells are
called bundle-sheath cells.
• The pathway is used in about 3% of all vascular plants; some examples are
crabgrass, sugarcane and corn. C4 plants are common in habitats that are
hot, but are less abundant in areas that are cooler. In hot conditions, the
benefits of reduced photorespiration likely exceed the ATP cost of
moving from the mesophyll cell to the bundle-sheath cell.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Some plants that are adapted to dry environments, such as cacti and pineapples, use
the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway to minimize photorespiration. This
name comes from the family of plants, the Crassulaceae, in which scientists first
discovered the pathway.
• Instead of separating the light-dependent reactions and the use of CO2 in the Calvin
cycle in space, CAM plants separate these processes in time. At night, CAM plants
open their stomata, allowing CO2 to diffuse into the leaves. This CO2 is fixed into
oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase (the same step used by C4 plants), then converted to
malate or another type of organic acid.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The organic acid is stored inside vacuoles until the next day.
In the daylight, the CAM plants do not open their stomata, but
they can still photosynthesize. That's because the organic acids
are transported out of the vacuole and broken down to
release CO2, which enters the Calvin cycle. This controlled
release maintains a high concentration of CO2 around rubisco.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-dependent Light- independent
Reaction reaction (Calvin Cycle)
LIGHT- DEPENDENT REACTION
a photochemical reaction taking place in the
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where
light energy is transformed into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
LIGHT- DEPENDENT REACTION
1. Photo Excitation
2. Photolysis
3. Chemiosmosis
4. Reduction
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
1. PHOTO EXCITATION
The light dependent reaction involved two
photosystems(II and I) and an electron transport
chain that are all embedded in thylakoid
membrane. Light that is harvested from PSII
causes an excited electron of the chlorophyll a
special pair to be passed down an electron tansport
chain (Pq, Cyt, and Pc) to PSI.
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
3. PHOTOLYSIS
A process that occurs in granum of a chloroplast
where light is absorbed by chlorophyll; a type of
photosynthetic pigment that converts light to
chemical energy. This reacts with water (H20) and
splits the oxygen and hydrogen molecules apart.
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
3. CHEMIOSMOSIS
It refers to the process of moving ions (for
example: protons) to the other side of a
biological membrane, and as a result,
an electrochemical gradient is generated.
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
4. REDUCTION
LIGHT- INDEPENDENT REACTION
take place within the stroma. It contains
enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH
to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into
molecules that can be used to build glucose.
The chloroplast's own genetic material
(separate from that of the cell) is also stored
in the stroma.
LIGHT- INDEPENDENT REACTION
1. Carbon Fixation
2. Carbon Reduction
3. Carbon Regeneration
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION
1.CARBON FIXATION
It is the first stage of Calvin Cycle. A CO2
molecule combines with a five-carbon
acceptor molecule, ribulose-1, 5-
biphosphate(RuBP). This step makes a six-
carbon compound, 3-phosphoglyceric
acid(3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by
the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase,
or rubisco.
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
2. CARBON REDUCTION
It is the second stage of Calvin cycle. In
the this stage, ATP and NADPH are used
to convert the 3-PGA molecules into
molecules of a three carbon sugar,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(G3P). This
stage gets its name because NADPH
donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-
carbon intermediate to make G3P.
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION
3. CARBON REGENERATION
It is the third stage of Calvin cycle and is a
complex process that requires ATP. In this
stage, some of the G3P molecules are used
to produce glucose, while others are
recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
