SOLUTION
TYPES
GASEOUS SOLUTION
LIQID SLUTION , SOLID SOLUTION
EXPRESSING THE
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
MASS PERCENTAGE
VOLUME PERCENTAGE
PART PER MILLION
MOLARITY
• Calculation of molar mass of the solute
• Find no of moles of solute ( amount of
solute /molar mass)
• Calculate the volume of solution in litre
• Molarity = no. of moles of solute /volume of
solution in litre
• It is expressed by ‘M’.
MOLALITY
• Finding the no. of moles of solute
• Calculate the amount of solvent (mass of
solution – mass of solute) in kilogram
• Molality = no. of moles of solute/mass of
solvent in kg
• It is expressed by ‘m’.
Mole fraction
• Mole fraction of a component =
• No. of moles of a component / Total no. of
moles of all the components
• In a binary solution if the no. of moles of A
and B are nA and nB , then mole fraction of A ,
nA/nA + nB
• The sum of mole fraction of all the
components in a solution is unity .
Numericals
• Calculate the molarity of a solution containing
5g of NaOH in 450 mL of solution.
• Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid in
75 g of benzene .
• Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory
work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such
a sample of the acid if the density of the
solution is 1.504 gram per mililitre.
Henry’s law
The solubility of a gas at a given temperature is
directly proportional to the pressure at which
it is dissolved .
p= KH x where KH is Henry’s constant and x
is mole fraction of the gas .
The unit of Henry’s constant is torr.
This helps in calculation of solubility at a certain
temperature .
Factors afecting solubilty of solids
Nature of solute:-Like Dissolves like . Eg polar
solutes dissolves in polar solvents and non-
polar solutes dissolve in in non- polar
solvents .
Temperature:- The solubility may increase or
dicrease with the rise in temperature
depending upon the value of enthalpy of
solution .
Factors affecting the solubility of gas
• The nature of gas and the nature of solvent
Non- polar gases like Oxygen , Nitrogen etc are
very less soluble in water , Whereas HCl,
Carbon dioxide are highly soluble in water.
• Effect of temperature
• Effect of pressure
Raoult’s law
• The vapor pressure of a a solution containing
non- volatile solute is directly proportional to
the mole – fraction of the solvent .
• For a solution containing non- volatile solute ,
at a given temperature , the relative lowering
of vapour pressure is equal to the mole
fraction of the solute .
Ideal and Non- ideal solution
• The solution which obeys Raoult’s law over
the entire range of concentration and
temperature is known as ideal solution and
reverse is true for a non- ideal solution .
• For ideal solution
• (I) it should obey Raoult law, i.e,
(ii) ∆Hmixing = 0
(iii) ∆Vmixing = 0
Solubility of Gases
•This graph shows how gases decrease in
solubility as temperature increases.
Freezing Point Lowering
• When a solute is added to a solvent, the
freezing point of the solution is lower than
that of the pure solvent.
• Equation for freezing point depression:
–T = K •m
f f
• T = change in freezing point
f
• K = freezing point constant
f
• m = molality of the solution
Boiling Point Elevation
• When a solute is added to a solvent, the
boiling point of the solution is higher than
that of the pure solvent
• Equation for boiling point elevation
–T = K •m
b b
• T = change in boiling point
b
• K = boiling point constant
b
• M = molality of the solution
Osmosis
Semipermeable membranes allow some particles to pass
through while blocking others. In biological systems, most
semipermeable membranes (such as cell walls) allow water to
pass through, but block solutes.
In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the area of
higher solvent concentration (lower solute concentration) to
the are of lower solvent concentration (higher solute
concentration.
Water tries to equalize the concentration on both sides until
pressure is
• too high.
Osmosis
VAN’T - HOFF FACTOR:
•One mole of NaCl in water does not really
give rise to two moles of ions.
•Some Na+ and Cl− re associate as hydrated
ion pairs, so the true concentration of
particles is somewhat less than two times
the concentration of NaCl. Some Na+ and Cl−
re associate as hydrated ion pairs, so the
true concentration of particles is somewhat
less than two times the concentration of
NaCl.
