Scribd
Upload
2K views9 pages

Introduction To Alteration in Documents

This document discusses different types of alterations that can be made to documents, including addition, deletion, obliteration, and page substitution. Additions involve inserting extra text, numbers, or pages. Deletions remove original text through erasures. Obliteration covers up writing, while overwriting involves writing over existing text. Page substitution replaces an existing page with a fraudulent new one. The goal is often to intentionally defraud by changing legal documents like checks, wills or contracts. Various detection methods can be used to analyze altered documents.

Uploaded by

Samuels Josep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views9 pages

Introduction To Alteration in Documents

This document discusses different types of alterations that can be made to documents, including addition, deletion, obliteration, and page substitution. Additions involve inserting extra text, numbers, or pages. Deletions remove original text through erasures. Obliteration covers up writing, while overwriting involves writing over existing text. Page substitution replaces an existing page with a fraudulent new one. The goal is often to intentionally defraud by changing legal documents like checks, wills or contracts. Various detection methods can be used to analyze altered documents.

Uploaded by

Samuels Josep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

INTRODUCTION TO ALTERATION / TAMPERING IN

DOCUMENTS

Richard C. Kashindye
Assistant Lecturer in Forensic Science
UDOM
ALTERATION/ TAMPERING

 These are the forms of any modification or changes induced in the original document.

 Documents are altered for various reasons, ranging from simple corrections to intentional fraud.

 Change made to a legal document alters the sense and message of the document and hence
affecting its validity.

 The altered documents may include checks, wills, contracts, marksheets, attendance sheets,
receipts, railway tickets etc.
TYPES OF ALTERATIONS

 Addition
 Deletion
 Obliteration
 Page substitution

 Overwritings
ADDITION

 Inserting additional of strokes, characters or even


the whole page in the original documents

 Raised cheques, drafts, commercial papers etc., are


altered by adding figure zero or by changing “1” to
“4”, “1” to “7”, “3” to “8”, “0” to “8” and by adding
“ty” to “Six”, “Seven”, “Eight”, “Nine” etc.

 Additions of Handwritten or typewritten text over


genuine signatures.

 Sometimes the whole page is added into the existing


document, called page insertion.
DELETION

 This is an act of removing the writings from the writing surface by using erasures.

 Erasures can be of two types:

Mechanical erasure.

 Removing the writings on the abrasion of surface of paper with the help of rubber, sharp
instrument such as razor blade, scalper, knife

Chemical erasure.

 Chemical is used to alters the dyes in the ink so that they are no longer visible such as Sodium
hypochlorite Potassium permanganate and Oxalic acid.

 The erasure can be deciphered under oblique light or UV light and the more advanced technique
used in detection is VSC
OBLITERATION

 Covering the original writing/typewriting/printed


matter with some ink or any opaque material to make
the writings invisible or undecipherable..

 Application of correction fluid to paint over mistaken


matter.

 Application of chemical such as oxidizing agent


which produce colorless when applied to ink.

 Such type of documents can be deciphered under


transmitted, IR, UV and oblique lighting conditions
OVERWRITINGS

 Writings made on the top of pre existing


writings.
 The original writings can be deciphered under
transmitted, oblique, UV or sometimes IR
lighting conditions.
PAGE SUBSTITUTION

 Removing the existing page from the document


and replacing it with new fraudulently produced
page.
 The forgery can be detected by examining the
indentation marks, watermarks on substituted
page.
 The physical matching of the paper sometime
yields desired results.

You might also like