OLTP-OLAP-OLAM Concepts and Techniques
Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber Intelligent Database Systems Research Lab
School of Computing Science
Simon Fraser University, Canada http://www.cs.sfu.ca
April 27, 2012 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1
Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology for Data Mining
What is a data warehouse?
A multi-dimensional data model
Data warehouse architecture
From data warehousing to data mining
April 27, 2012
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
What is Data Warehouse?
Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously. A decision support database that is maintained separately from the organizations operational database Support information processing by providing a solid platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis. A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of managements decision-making process.W. H. Inmon Data warehousing: The process of constructing and using data warehouses
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April 27, 2012
Data WarehouseSubject-Oriented
Organized around major subjects, such as customer, product, sales. Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction
processing.
Provide a simple and concise view around particular
subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in
the decision support process.
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Data WarehouseIntegrated
Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous data sources relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction records Data cleaning and data integration techniques are applied. Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute measures, etc. among different data sources
E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.
When data is moved to the warehouse, it is converted.
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Data WarehouseTime Variant
The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly longer than that of operational systems.
Operational database: current value data.
Data warehouse data: provide information from a historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years) Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly
But the key of operational data may or may not contain time element.
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Every key structure in the data warehouse
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Data WarehouseNon-Volatile
A physically separate store of data transformed from the
operational environment. Operational update of data does not occur in the data
warehouse environment.
Does not require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency control mechanisms
Requires only two operations in data accessing:
initial loading of data and access of data.
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Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous DBMS
Traditional heterogeneous DB integration:
Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous databases Query driven approach
When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is used to translate the query into queries appropriate for individual heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are integrated into a global answer set Complex information filtering, compete for resources
Data warehouse: update-driven, high performance
Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance and stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis
April 27, 2012
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS
OLTP (on-line transaction processing)
Major task of traditional relational DBMS
Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking, manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.
OLAP (on-line analytical processing)
Major task of data warehouse system
Data analysis and decision making User and system orientation: customer vs. market Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
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Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):
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OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP users function DB design data clerk, IT professional day to day operations application-oriented current, up-to-date detailed, flat relational isolated repetitive read/write index/hash on prim. key short, simple transaction tens thousands 100MB-GB transaction throughput OLAP knowledge worker decision support subject-oriented historical, summarized, multidimensional integrated, consolidated ad-hoc lots of scans complex query millions hundreds 100GB-TB query throughput, response
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usage access unit of work # records accessed #users DB size metric
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Why Separate Data Warehouse?
High performance for both systems DBMS tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing, concurrency control, recovery Warehousetuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries, multidimensional view, consolidation. Different functions and different data: missing data: Decision support requires historical data which operational DBs do not typically maintain data consolidation: DS requires consolidation (aggregation, summarization) of data from heterogeneous sources data quality: different sources typically use inconsistent data representations, codes and formats which have to be reconciled
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April 27, 2012
Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology for Data Mining
What is a data warehouse?
A multi-dimensional data model
Data warehouse architecture
From data warehousing to data mining
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
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From Tables and Spreadsheets to Data Cubes
A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model which views data in the form of a data cube A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and viewed in multiple dimensions
Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand, type), or time(day, week, month, quarter, year)
Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold) and keys to each of the related dimension tables
In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a base cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest-level of summarization, is called the apex cuboid. The lattice of cuboids forms a data cube.
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Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
all time item location supplier
0-D(apex) cuboid
1-D cuboids
time,item
time,location
item,location item,supplier
location,supplier
time,supplier time,item,location
2-D cuboids
time,location,supplier
3-D cuboids
item,location,supplier
time,item,supplier
4-D(base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
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Conceptual Modeling of Data Warehouses
Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected to a set of dimension tables Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema where some dimensional hierarchy is normalized into a set of smaller dimension tables, forming a shape similar to snowflake
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
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Example of Star Schema
time
time_key day day_of_the_week month quarter year
item
Sales Fact Table time_key item_key branch_key
item_key item_name brand type supplier_type
branch
branch_key branch_name branch_type
location
location_key street city province_or_street country
location_key units_sold
dollars_sold
avg_sales
Measures
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Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key day day_of_the_week month quarter year
item
Sales Fact Table
item_key item_name brand type supplier_key
supplier
supplier_key supplier_type
time_key
item_key branch_key
branch
branch_key branch_name branch_type
location
location_key street city_key
location_key
units_sold dollars_sold avg_sales Measures
city
city_key city province_or_street country
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April 27, 2012
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
A Data Mining Query Language, DMQL: Language Primitives
Cube Definition (Fact Table) define cube <cube_name> [<dimension_list>]: <measure_list> Dimension Definition ( Dimension Table ) define dimension <dimension_name> as (<attribute_or_subdimension_list>) Special Case (Shared Dimension Tables) First time as cube definition define dimension <dimension_name> as <dimension_name_first_time> in cube <cube_name_first_time>
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Defining a Star Schema in DMQL
define cube sales_star [time, item, branch, location]: dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales = avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*) define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month, quarter, year) define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type, supplier_type) define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name, branch_type) define dimension location as (location_key, street, city, province_or_state, country)
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Defining a Snowflake Schema in DMQL
define cube sales_snowflake [time, item, branch, location]:
dollars_sold = sum(sales_in_dollars), avg_sales = avg(sales_in_dollars), units_sold = count(*)
define dimension time as (time_key, day, day_of_week, month, quarter, year) define dimension item as (item_key, item_name, brand, type, supplier(supplier_key, supplier_type)) define dimension branch as (branch_key, branch_name, branch_type) define dimension location as (location_key, street, city(city_key, province_or_state, country))
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Multidimensional Data
Sales volume as a function of product, month, and region
Dimensions: Product, Location, Time Hierarchical summarization paths Industry Region Year
Category Country Quarter
Product
Product
City Office
Month Week Day
Month
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A Sample Data Cube
TV PC VCR sum 1Qtr 2Qtr
Date
3Qtr 4Qtr
sum
Total annual sales of TV in U.S.A.
U.S.A Canada Mexico
sum
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Country
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Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube
all 0-D(apex) cuboid
product
date
product,country
country
date, country
1-D cuboids
product,date
2-D cuboids 3-D(base) cuboid
product, date, country
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
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Browsing a Data Cube
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Visualization OLAP capabilities Interactive manipulation
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Typical OLAP Operations
Roll up (drill-up): summarize data
by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed data, or introducing new dimensions project and select reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes. drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its backend relational tables (using SQL)
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Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
Slice and dice:
Pivot (rotate):
Other operations
April 27, 2012
Three Data Warehouse Models
Enterprise warehouse collects all of the information about subjects spanning the entire organization Data Mart a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a specific groups of users. Its scope is confined to specific, selected groups, such as marketing data mart
Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart
Virtual warehouse A set of views over operational databases Only some of the possible summary views may be materialized
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April 27, 2012
OLAP Server Architectures
Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage warehouse data and OLAP middle ware to support missing pieces Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and services greater scalability Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Array-based multidimensional storage engine (sparse matrix techniques) fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) User flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array Specialized SQL servers specialized support for SQL queries over star/snowflake schemas
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April 27, 2012
Chapter 2: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology for Data Mining
What is a data warehouse?
A multi-dimensional data model
Data warehouse implementation
From data warehousing to data mining
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
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Data Warehouse Usage
Three kinds of data warehouse applications
Information processing
supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling, pivoting knowledge discovery from hidden patterns supports associations, constructing analytical models, performing classification and prediction, and presenting the mining results using visualization tools.
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Analytical processing
Data mining
Differences among the three tasks
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From On-Line Analytical Processing to On Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)
Why online analytical mining?
High quality of data in data warehouses DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data Available information processing structure surrounding data warehouses ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting and OLAP tools OLAP-based exploratory data analysis mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc. On-line selection of data mining functions integration and swapping of multiple mining functions, algorithms, and tasks.
Architecture of OLAM
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An OLAM Architecture
Mining query
User GUI API
Mining result
Layer4 User Interface
OLAM Engine
Data Cube API
OLAP Engine
Layer3
OLAP/OLAM
Layer2
MDDB
Meta Data
Filtering&Integration
MDDB
Database API
Data cleaning
Filtering
Layer1 Databases
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Data Data integration Warehouse
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Data Repository
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Summary
Data warehouse
A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of managements decision-making process
Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
A multi-dimensional model of a data warehouse
OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and pivoting OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP Further development of data cube technology
From OLAP to OLAM (on-line analytical mining)
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