IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE BENEFICIENT,
THE MOST MERCIFUL
CIVIL SERVICES ACADEMY, PAS CAMPUS
41th SPECIAL TRAINING PROGRAMME
Urban Development
Designed, taught and coordinated by the Urban Unit.
Topic:
NEW CONCEPTS IN
PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT
CORE CONCEPT
• “The city is a man’s most consistent and on the
whole, his most successful attempt to remake
the world he lives in more after his heart's
desire. But, if the city is the world which man
created, it is the world in which he is henceforth
condemned to live. Thus, indirectly, and
without any clear sense of the nature of his task,
in making the city man has remade
himself”- Robert Parks
NEED FOR NEW CONCEPTS
•Disinvestments in central
•areas of cities.
•Spread of placeless sprawl
•Increasing separation of
•race and income.
•Loss of agricultural lands
•and wilderness.
•Changing household demographics
•Environmental deterioration
•Land consumption without regard •Street standards are insensitive
to natural features or physical to human needs.
limits. •Zoning codes leave little room
•Federal and state policies that for individualization.
encourage low-density sprawl. •Other Urban Issues and
Challenges
NEED FOR NEW
CONCEPTS
THE IMPACT OF
CONCEPTS
Tokyo 1945
Tokyo 2015
IMPORTANCE OF URBAN DESIGN
Cities aren’t simply a collection of people or buildings.
Rather, they are a collection of interactions between people,
and the quantity and quality of interactions are heavily influenced by the physical design of the
city.
NEW URBANISM
New Urbanism is an urban design and planning movement
which promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range
of housing and job types.
It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has
gradually informed many aspects of real estate development,
urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies.
The movement also includes a more pedestrian-oriented
variant known as New Pedestrianism
NEW URBANISM
SEASIDE, FLORIDA
NEW URBANISM
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
WALKABILITY
Most things within a 10-minute walk of home
and work
Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close
to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined
streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots;
garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
WALKABILITY
WALKABILITY
WALKABILITY
WALKABILITY
WALKABILITY
WORLDS MOST
WALKABLE CITIES
Florence (Italy)
Given that much traffic in
Florence's historic center is
restricted to permit-bearing
residents, buses, and taxis, it's
a city that begs to be explored Paris, France
on foot.
New York City, most
walkable city in the USA.
Marrakesh
Paris
Vancouver
Buenos Aires
People walking in Cambridge, United States
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
CONNECTIVITY
Interconnected street grid network disperses
traffic & eases walking
A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and
alleys
High quality pedestrian network and public
realm makes walking pleasurable
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
CONNECTIVITY
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
MIXED HOUSING
A variety of housing types and forms that can
suit multiple needs
A range of sizes and prices in closer proximity
Housing that allows a healthy mix of
inhabitants
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
MIXED HOUSING
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY ARCHITECTURE
& URBAN DESIGN
Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort,
and creating a sense of place
Special placement of civic uses and sites within
community
Human scale architecture & beautiful
surroundings nourish the human spirit
Interconnected street grid network disperses
traffic & eases walking
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE
Discernible center and edge
Public space at center
Importance of quality public realm
public open space designed as civic art
Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minutes
walk
Transect planning: Highest densities at town center;
progressively less dense towards the edge
This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate
building and street types for each area along the continuum.
Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases
walking
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
INCREASED DENSITY
More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer
together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use
of services and resources, and to create a more convenient,
enjoyable place to live.
New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full
range of densities from small towns, to large cities
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
INCREASED DENSITY
SKYLINE OF SHANGHAI.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
INCREASED DENSITY
GREEN TRANSPORTATION
A transportation system
which does not affects the
environment negatively.
Sustainable Transport
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
GREEN TRANSPORTATION
A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns,
and neighborhoods together
Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use
of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily
transportation
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
GREEN TRANSPORTATION
EXAMPLES OF GREEN
TRANSPORTAION
A City of Vancouver fleet vehicle being charged up by a DC fast charger
EXAMPLES OF GREEN
TRANSPORTAION
The West Coast Main Line railway, alongside the M1 motorway, UK
EXAMPLES OF GREEN
TRANSPORTAION
European trams gliding along on beds of grass
EXAMPLES OF GREEN
TRANSPORTAION
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
SUSTAINABILITY
Minimal environmental impact of development and its
operations
Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value
of natural systems
Energy efficiency
Less use of finite fuels
More local production
More walking, less driving
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NEW URBANISM
QUALITY OF LIFE
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life
well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift,
and inspire the human spirit.
NEW URBANISM
NEIGHBORHOOD, DISTRICT AND CORRIDOR
On a neighborhood scale:
Neighborhoods should be compact,
pedestrian-friendly and mixed-use.
Broad range of housing types to
bring diversity.
Civic, institutional and commercial
activity should be embedded in
neighborhoods, not isolated.
Public transportation should be
a viable alternative to the
automobile.
Parks should be a viable
alternative to the automobile.
NEW URBANISM
BLOCK, STREET AND BUILDING
On a block scale
Individual architectural projects
should be linked to their
surroundings.
Architecture and landscape design
should grow from local climate,
topography, history, and building
practice.
Development must adequately
accommodate automobiles whiles
being pedestrian-friendly.
Streets should be safe, yet
interesting and open to the
pedestrian.
BENEFITS OF
NEW URBANISM
Access and accessibility
Liveability
Reduced costs to governments and individuals
Reduces the need for travel
Sensitive to cultural heritage
Traffic calming
Sense of place
Based on long-term construction principles and practices
BENEFITS OF
NEW URBANISM
Less traffic congestion and driving.
Healthier lifestyle: pedestrian-friendly
communities.
More freedom and independence for children,
the elderly and the poor.
More open space.
Less tax money spent on infrastructure.
NEW PEDESTRIANISM
New Pedestrianism is a more idealistic variation of New
Urbanism in urban planning theory, founded in 1999 by
Michael E. Arth, an American urban designer, futurist, and
author.
It addresses the problems associated with New Urbanism
and is an attempt to solve various social, health, energy,
economic, aesthetic, and environmental problems, with special
focus on reducing the role of the automobile.
A neighborhood or new town made on these principles is
called a Pedestrian Village. Pedestrian Villages can range from
being nearly car-free to having automobile access behind
nearly every house and business, but pedestrian lanes are
always in front.
NEW PEDESTRIANISM
NEW PEDESTRIANISM
New York pedestrians told not to go on Facebook while
walking. The poster is part of a social etiquette campaign that
was launched in 2010.
COMPARISON BETWEEN
NEW URBANISM &
NEW PEDESTRIANISM
SMART GROWTH
Smart growth is an urban planning and
transportation theory that concentrates growth in
compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl.
It also advocates compact, transit-oriented,
walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including
neighborhood schools, complete streets, and
mixed-use development with a range of housing
choices.
The term 'smart growth' is particularly used in
North America.
In Europe and particularly the UK, the terms
'Compact City' or 'urban intensification' have
often been used to describe similar concepts
SMART GROWTH
Smart growth values long-range, regional considerations of
sustainability over a short-term focus.
Its goals are to achieve a unique sense of community and
place; expand the range of transportation, employment, and
housing choices; equitably distribute the costs and benefits of
development; preserve and enhance natural and cultural
resources; and promote public health.
Smart growth is often used in combination with the concept
of New Urbanism
Smart growth is an alternative to urban sprawl, traffic
congestion, disconnected neighborhoods, and urban decay.
SMART GROWTH
OBJECTIVES
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Mixed-use development is any urban, suburban or village
development, or even a single building, that blends a
combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional,
or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and
functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian
connections.
The term may also be used more specifically to refer to a
mixed-use real estate development project: a building, complex
of buildings, or district of a town or city that is developed for
mixed-use by a private developer, governmental agency, or a
combination thereof.
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Marina City in Chicago, a
mixed-use skyscraper.
City Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada, USA.
Time Warner Center, New
York City.
Arena Poort, Amsterdam.
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again
become desirable as the benefits are recognized.
These benefits include:
greater housing variety and density
reduced distances between housing,
workplaces, retail businesses, and other
destinations
more compact development
stronger neighborhood character
pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT
A transit-oriented development (TOD) is a mixed-use
residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to
public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage
transit ridership.
A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a transit
station or stop (train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus
stop), surrounded by relatively high-density development with
progressively lower-density development spreading outward
from the center.
TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to
one-half mile (400 to 800 m) from a transit stop, as this is
considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus
solving the last mile problem.
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT
INNER CITY
REGENRATION
“In the end our
society will define
not only WHAT
WE CREATE but
also WHAT WE
REFUSE TO
DESTROY”
John SawHill
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
Group bears a
disproportionate share of
the negative environmental
consequences resulting from
industrial, municipal, and
commercial operations or the
execution of federal, state,
local, and tribal programs and
policies (U.S. EPA, 1998)
INFORMATION REVOLUTION AND PARADIGM
SHIFTS IN URBAN PLANNING
• A New Paradigm in Urban Planning
Information Technology is changing basic assumptions on the
time and space in economic activities of the information
communications. It creates new concepts that mean a timeless
time and cyberspace. It is also having a propound impacts on
the kind of economic activity and urban spatial structure.
• Virtual Reality and Urban Planning
• Virtual environments are digital simulations of situations, real
or fictional, in which users are able to participate.
Participation can be achieved as real-time base. The building
of virtual environments are composed of a threefold paradigm
of representation, modeling and connection.
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
Participatory planning is an urban planning paradigm that
emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and
management processes of urban planning; or, community-level
planning processes, urban or rural. It is often considered as
part of community development.
Ensuring that all sections of the community are able to
participate is a challenge for participatory planning.
Some approaches, such as Community-Based Planning,
separate the community so that the livelihoods and preferred
outcomes of different social groups can be identified.
Community-Based Planning has tried to overcome this by
linking planning to the mainstream local government planning
system.
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
PRINCIPLE OF ECO
CITIES
SMART CITIES
• A smart city is a place where the traditional
networks and services are made more efficient with
the use of digital and telecommunication
technologies, for the benefit of its inhabitants and
businesses.
• The smart city concept goes beyond the use of ICT
for better resource use and less emissions. It means
smarter urban transport networks, upgraded water
supply and waste disposal facilities, and more
efficient ways to light and heat buildings.
SMART CITIES
SMART CITIES
SMART CITIES
URBAN GROWTH
BOUNDARY
An urban growth boundary, is a
regional boundary set in an
attempt to control urban sprawl
by mandating that the area
inside the boundary be used for
higher density urban
development and the area
outside be used for lower
density development.
It is an effective way of
combating unplanned urban
growth and encroachment of
cities on rural/agricultural areas.
URBAN GROWTH
BOUNDARY
The boundary controls urban expansion onto farm and
forest lands. Land inside the urban growth boundary
supports urban services such as roads, water and
sewer systems, parks, schools and fire and police
protection that create thriving places to live, work and
play.
The urban growth boundary is one of the tools used to
protect farms and forests from urban sprawl and to
promote the efficient use of land, public facilities and
services inside the boundary
BENEFITS OF URBAN
GROWTH BOUNDARY
• Other benefits of the boundary include:
• motivation to develop and redevelop land and
buildings in the urban core, helping keep core
"downtowns" in business.
• assurance for businesses and local governments about
where to place infrastructure (such as roads and
sewers), needed for future development.
• efficiency for businesses and local governments in
terms of how that infrastructure is built.
Relevance to PAS Officers
Pakistan is currently experiencing a high-
growth rate in urbanization. As a result of this
development Pakistan is facing a great degree air
and water pollution, as well as deforestation.
The current form of development in
Pakistan is unsustainable. Thus, urbanization
concepts that promote sustainability of growth
are highly relevant.
THANKS
