chemistry
Session:2023-24
Name: Manu Maurya
Class: XII
Roll. No.: 19
Topic: Foaming capacity
of different soap
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Manu
Maurya of Class XII A has
Satisfactorily completed the
chemistry project entitled ‘study
of foaming capacity and foam
stability of soaps’
Prescribed by the central board
of secondary education for the
AISSCE during the academic
year 2023-24.
Sign of Sign of Int.
Ext.Examiner Sign of Examiner
Principal
____________________________ _________________________
___________________________
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the annual
project report entitled ‘STUDY
OF FOAMING CAPACITY
AND FOAM STABILITY OF
SOAPS’ submitted to Maa Durga
ji Vidylaya is a record of annual
project work done by me during
the period of study in the school
under the supervision of Mr. D.P.
Singh
I place my record, my profound
gratitude to the principal of
Maa Durga ji Vidylaya for
granting me all the facilities for
completion of my project.
It gives me a great pleasure to
AC express my gratitude towards
KN our chemistry teacher for
guidance, support and
OW encouragement throughout the
LEDduration of the project. Without
GE his motivation and help,
successful completion of this
ME project would not have been
NT possible. Above all, I express my
thankfulness and praise the
almighty for his blessings
throughout his work.
Contents
Introduction
Aim
Objective Of Project
Materials And Equipments
Required
Theory
Procedure
Observation
Calculations
Result
Conclusion
Bibliography
IN
TR Soaps are sodium or potassium salts
OD of higher fatty acids. The higher
fatty acids may be such as stearic
UC acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid
TI (C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has
a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a
ON hydrophilic (water soluble) part.
Soaps are used for washing
purposes. When soap is shaken with
water, it produces foam which is
responsible for removal of dirt. A
soap which produces more foam is
more effective in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be
explained by keeping in mind that a
soap molecule contains a non-polar
lipophilic group and a polar
hydrophilic group.
Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophilic end Long
(Hydrophobic end)
The dirt is held on the surface of clothes by
the oil or grease which is present there. When
soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl group
dissolves in oil droplets while the polar –COO-
Na+ group remains dissolved in water. In this
way, each oil droplet is surrounded by
negative charge. These negatively charged oil
droplets cannot coalesce and a stable emulsion
is formed. These oil droplets containing dirt
particles can be washed away with water.
AI TO STUDY THE
FOAMING CAPACITY
M AND FOAM STABILITY
OF SOAPS
Objective of project
The objective of this project is to
compare the foaming capacities
and foam stability of different
samples of soaps and hence to
determine the best brand among
them.
MATERIALS AND
REQUIREMENTS
To do this experiment we will need
the following materials and
equipments:
200 ml beaker
Watch glass
Weighing machine
250ml measuring cylinder
Stop-watch
Different samples of soaps
Distilled water
Glass rod
TH There is no quantitative method
EO for the determination of foaming
capacity of soap. However, the
foaming capacity of different
RY soaps can be compared
qualitatively by the following way.
Solutions of different soapsare
prepared by dissolving their equal
weights in equal volumes of
distilled water. These solutions
are shaken vigorously to produce
foam and then they are allowed
to stand. The volume of the foam
produced initially is noted and
compared as
TH well as volume of foam remaining
after a specific amount of time
for each solution is also noted.
EO The greater the quantity of foam
produced in a given sample of
soap, greater is its foaming
RY capacity and longer the time
taken for disappearance of foam,
greater is its foam stability.
FOAMING CAPACITY = (FOAM
VOLUME/INITIALSAMPLE
VOLUME)*100%
FOAM STABILITY = (FOAM
volume
after
30min/initial foam
volume)*100%
PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 1g of each of the different
samples of soaps provided to you in a
watch glass.
2. Dissolve each of these weighed
samples in distilled water separately, in
different beakers to form a total of
200ml solution. Label the solutions as
1,2,3,4 etc.
3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass
rod to produce foam.
4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml
measuring cylinder.
5. Measure the amount of foam present
in the measuring cylinder and note
down the readings.
6. After 30 minutes, note down the final
readings in a tabular form.
7. Repeat the above steps for all the
samples provided to you.
Observation
• Weight of the each soap sample taken =
1g
• Volume of the solution after mixing the
soap sample to the water = 200mL, for
each sample taken Observation Table:
S. Brandof Initialreading Initialvolume Finalreading Finalvolume Decreasein
soap offoam offoam volumeof
No.
(after30min) foamafter30
Lowe Uppe Lowe Uppe min
r r r r
1.
2.
3.
CA
LC
Foaming capacity =
UL (initial volume of
AT foam/ initial volume of
sample solution)*100
IO
N
Foam stability =
(final
volume of foam/ initia
volume of foam)*100
Foaming capacity of:
R E S U LT
Among soaps, ________has maximum
foaming capacity and ____________has
maximum foam stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these
is____________.
Conclusion
The soap that makes more volume of foam
has the highest foaming capacity and that
which takes more time to disappear, has
maximum foam stability.
The soap with maximum foaming capacity and
maximum foam stability is the best quality
soap or detergent among the samples tested.
If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is
low or foam stability is high and foaming
capacity is low, we draw the conclusion that
soap with higher foaming capacity is the better
soap.
BIBLOGRAPHY
INTERNET
www.google.co.in
www.icbse.com
www.youtube.com
www.prinest.com
BOOKS
1. Comprehensive practical chemistry
