Lecture 4
Storage Devices
y ’s
o d a e
T ctur
le
i c e s
t l i n e ge d ev
e O u s to ra
ct u r o r y /
e
L y of m e m
a rc h ra g e
1. e r
Hi etic s e t o
a g n orag
2. M al st ra g e O S
ti c st o b y
3. Op state e used
l i d - r a g
4. S o
i s st o
5. How
Hierarchy of
memory/ storage
devices
Reg.
Cache
RAM
Hard Disk
Analogy
Study table Mr. Northbridge
Study room Home Library City Library
Student Mr. Southbridge Mr. Librarian
Study room’s
file cabinet
Computers
Northbridge;
CPU Registers Memory Controller Hub (MCH)
CPU RAM Disk storage
Microprocessor Southbridge; Disk controller
I/O controller;
Cache memory IO controller hub (ICH)
Magnetic
storage
History
1956: IBM invented the first storage
system; had 50 disks of 2 foot diameter!
The capacity …. 5 MB
Currently, we have hard disks of > 1.5 TB
Do we need more storage capacity
?
Parkinson’s law: Data expands to fill the space
available for storage
\
Corollary: Work expands to fill the time available.
How they function:
Sector
Track
Photo credits: [Link]
Floppy drive:
Floppy drive
spins at 300 RPM;
takes .2 second to find data;
holds up to 1.44 MB data
ZIP disk is an example
high-capacity floppy disk
(~100 MB)
Hard disk:
Photo credits: [Link]
Hard disk drive
spins at 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM;
takes 6 to 12 milliseconds to find data;
holds up to 1.5 TB data
Most commonly used storage media
Tape drive:
Sequential access (not random)
Can store very large amounts of data
Commonly used for:
Backups
Infrequently used data
Optical
storage
How they function:
Lands (1s) reflect data; Pits (binary 0s) scatter data
Compact
disc label
pit land
lens lens
0 1
prism prism
Light- Light-
laser sensing laser sensing
diode diode diode diode
Read only optical drives:
• CD-ROM (Capacity: 650 MB)
CD speed is based on the original CD
speed (150 kbps); 10 X will read
1,500 Kbps
• DVD-ROM (Capacity up to 18 GB)
Use both sides of the disk; can read
CD-ROMs
Recordable optical drives:
• CD-R (Capacity: 650/700 MB)
Can record once; cannot be changed
Can keep adding until disk full
• CD-RW (Capacity up to 650/700 MB)
Can record and can rewrite too (upto 100 times)
Cannot be read in all CD players
Recordable optical drives:
• Photo-CD (developed by Kodak)
Photo storage;
Add until disk is full
(like CD-R)
Original pictures
cannot be changed
Recordable optical drives:
• DVD-R (Capacity: 4.7/ 8.5 GB)
Several formats; none standardized
Cannot be read in all players
• DVD-RAM
Allows reusing DVD media; Not
standardized; Easily writable
Cannot be read in all players
Solid-state
storage
How they function:
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage
device that uses solid-state memory to
store persistent data.
An SSD using SRAM or DRAM (instead of
flash memory) is often called a RAM-drive.
No moving parts
(unlike magnetic/ optical storage)
Flash memory:
Found in cameras and USB drives
Combination of RAM and ROM
Long term updateable storage
Smart card:
Credit cards with a chip
Chip stores data
May be used as electronic cash
Hotels use for electronic keys
Solid State Disks (SSD):
Large amount of SDRAM
Extremely fast
Volatile storage
Require battery backups
Most have hard disks copying data
Performance
comparison
Storage
hierarchy
ve
nsi
fas
e
RAM
exp
ter
re
mo
cost
Hard Disk speed
Compact Disc
ve
slo
nsi
we
e
exp
Floppy Disk
r
s
les
Tape
Average access time
Depends on 1) RPM, 2) time to access track
Hard disk: 6 to 12 ms; CD drive: 80 to 800 ms
In contrast, RAM access time is in nanoseconds
Transfer rate
Hard disk: 15 – 160 Mbps;
CD drive: base rate= 150 Kbps; 24x; 48x
Floppy disks: 45 Kbps
How is storage used by
operating systems
??
?
Formatting
Disk formatting is the process of preparing a hard
disk or other storage medium for use, including
setting up an empty file system [Wikipedia].
2 levels of formatting:
Low-level: drawing tracks and sectors on disk
High-level: creating filesytem and bootsector
(sometimes called quick or logical format)
File Systems
A file system is a logical method of
configuring data on a disk’s surface.
Listing of where files are stored
Common file systems include:
1. File Allocation Table (FAT)
2. FAT32
3. NTFS
4. EXT2/EXT3 (Linux)
Optimizing computer
performance
Deleting unneeded files
Disk defragmentation
Disk defragmentation
file 1 after defragmenting
disk after defragmentation process
Scanning HDD for errors
File compression
re ’s
tu
Lec mmary s
c e
Su
e d evi
o ra g
/ st
y
o r
m e m
y o f :
a r c h r a g e
r
Hie etic st drives o
g n p y
Ma ape/ Flo e: p
k / T
o ra g
Dis
a l s t le
p ti c o r da b
:
O e / r e c
ra g e d isk n c e
d ab l
st o ta te -
r m a
Re a
t a t e lid -s
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l i d - s rd s , S o
e r p
S o a rt ca
p u t
h , Sm c o m
la s g
re ’s
c t u es
L e ren c
efe
R
eek a n c e
s w erfo r m
r t h i i s k p
Data fo provin g d
r i ng d Imd
“Sto ring an’’ an
a s u
“Me ’ ’
e e k ystem
s w atin
t g S
Sn
ys e
tex
m
p e r
eratifo
n gr t wo r k O
O p d N e
i n g a n
“ U s o f PC ” and
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ns /
?
sti o
u e
Q si o n s?
o nfu
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