MTH-112 Calculus 1
MTH-112 Calculus 1
Fall 2023
Lecture 1
Dr. Ahmed Elsayed
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Communication
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Announcements
Textbook:
•Thomas, G. B., Weir, M. D., & Hass, J. (2019). Thomas' calculus
(14th edition SI units). Boston: Pearson Education.
9781292253220
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Assessment
Assessment Weight
Quizzes 30%
Midterm Exam 30%
Final Examination 40%
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Course Description
• This course covers topics of differential and integral calculus
including limits and continuity, higher-order derivatives, curve
sketching, differentials, definite and indefinite integrals (areas and
volumes), and applications of derivatives and integrals.. In addition,
the students develop the skills to apply these concepts to solve
problems in arising science and engineering
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1 Compute limits of a function
CLO2 Compute the derivative of a function
CLO3 Formulate and solve time-related and optimization problems
arising in engineering and computing
CLO4 Evaluate integrals and calculate areas
CLO5 Apply symbolic math software to calculate derivatives and
integrals.
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Course Timeline
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Course Timeline
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MTH-112 Calculus 1
Lecture 1
9
Quick Review
1. Find the value of y that corresponds to x 3 in y 2 4 x 3 .
2. Find the value of x that corresponds to y 3 in y 3 2 x 1.
In Exercises 3 and 4, find the value of m that corresponds
to the values of x and y.
y 3
3. x 5, y 2, m
x4
2 y
4. x 1, y 3, m
3 x
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 10
Quick Review
In exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the ordered pair is a
solution to the equation.
5. 3 x 4 y 5 6. y 2 x 5
1
a) 2, b) 3, 1 a) 1, 7 b) 2,1
4
In exercises 7 and 8, find the distance between the points.
1
7. 1,0 and 0,1 8. 2,1 and 1,
3
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 11
Quick Review
In Exercises 9 and 10, solve for y in terms of x.
9. 4 x 3 y 7 10. 2 x 5 y 3
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 12
Quick Review Solutions
1. Find the value of y that corresponds to x 3 in y 2 4 x 3 .
y 2
2. Find the value of x that corresponds to y 3 in y 3 2 x 1.
x 1
In Exercises 3 and 4, find the value of m that corresponds
to the values of x and y.
y 3
3. x 5, y 2, m m 1
x4
2 y 5
4. x 1, y 3, m m
3 x 4
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 13
Quick Review Solutions
In exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the ordered pair is a
solution to the equation.
5. 3 x 4 y 5 6. y 2 x 5
1
a) 2, b) 3, 1 a) 1, 7 b) 2,1
4
a) yes b) no a) yes b) no
In exercises 7 and 8, find the distance between the points.
1
7. 1,0 and 0,1 8. 2,1 and 1,
3
distance = 2 distance = 5/3
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 14
Quick Review Solutions
In Exercises 9 and 10, solve for y in terms of x.
9. 4 x 3 y 7 10. 2 x 5 y 3
4 7 2 3
y x y x
3 3 5 5
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 15
Increments
If a particle moves from the point (x1 , y1 ) to the point (x2 , y2 ), the
increments in its coordinates are
x x2 x1 and y y2 y1
The symbols x and y are read delta x and delta y.
The letter is a Greek capital d for difference.
Neither x nor y denotes multiplication;
x is not delta times x nor is y delta times y.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 16
Example Increments
The coordinate increments from (8, 3) to ( 6, 1) are:
x 6 8 14, y 1 3 2
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 17
Slope of a Line
Let P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) be points on a nonvertical line, L.
The slope of L is
rise y2 y1
m=
run x2 x1
A line that goes uphill as x increases has a positive slope. A line that goes
downhill as x increases has a negative slope.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 18
Slope of a Line
A horizontal line has slope zero since all of its points have the same
y -coordinate, making y 0.
y
For vertical lines, x 0 and the ratio is undefined.
x
We express this by saying that vertical lines have no slope.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 19
Equations of Lines
The vertical line through the point a , b has equation x= a
since every x-coordinate on the line has the same value a.
Similarly, the horizontal line through a , b has equation y b.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 20
Example Equations of Lines
Write the equations of the vertical and horizontal lines through
the point (3,8).
x 3 and y 8
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 21
Point Slope Equation
The equation y= m(x x1 ) y1 is the point - slope equation of the line
through the point (x1 , y1 ) with slope m.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 22
Example: Point Slope Equation
Write the point-slope equation for the line through 7, 2 and 5, 8 .
8 ( 2) 10 10 5
The line’s slope is m = = =
5 (7) 12 12 6
We can use this slope with either of the two given points in the point-slope
equation. For ( x1 , y1 ) = (7, 2) we obtain
5
y= (x 7) 2
6
5 35
y= x 2
6 6
5 23
y= x
6 6
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.1- 23
Prerequisites for Calculus
Section 1.2
Functions and
Graphs
MTH-112 Calculus 1
Function
A function from a set D to a set R is a rule that
assigns a unique element in R to each element in D.
In this definition, D is the domain of the function and R
is a set containing the range.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 25
Example Functions
Evaluate the function f ( x) 2 x 3 when x = 6.
f (6) 2(6) 3
f (6) 12 3
f 6 15
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 26
Domains and Ranges
The domains and ranges of many real-valued
functions of a real variable are intervals or
combinations of intervals. The intervals may be
open, closed or half-open, finite or infinite.
The endpoints of an interval make up the interval’s
boundary and are called boundary points.
The remaining points make up the interval’s interior
and are called interior points.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 27
Domains and Ranges
Closed intervals contain their boundary points.
Open intervals contain no boundary points
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 28
Domains and Ranges
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 29
Graph
The points x, y in the plane whose coordinates are the
input-output pairs of a function y f x make up the
function’s graph.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 30
Example Finding Domains and Ranges
Identify the domain and range and use a grapher
to graph the function y x 2 .
Domain: The function gives a real value of y for every
value of x so the domain is , .
Range: Every value of the domain, x, gives a real,
positive value of y so the range is 0, . y x2
[10, 10] by [5, 15]
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 31
Example Viewing and Interpreting
Graphs
Identify the domain and range and use a grapher to
graph the function y x 2 4
Domain: The function gives a real value of y for each value of x 2
so the domain is , 2 2, .
Range: Every value of the domain, x,
gives a real, positive value of y y x2 4
so the range is [ 0, ).
[10, 10] by [10, 10]
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 32
Functions Defined in Pieces
While some functions are defined by single formulas, others
are defined by applying different formulas to different parts
of their domain.
These are called piecewise functions.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 33
Functions Defined in Pieces
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 34
Example Graphing a Piecewise
Defined Function
Use a grapher to graph the following piecewise function:
2 x 1 x 0
f ( x) 2
x 3 x 0
y x 2 3; x 0
y 2 x 1; x 0
[10, 10] by [10, 10]
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 35
Absolute Value Functions
The absolute value function y x is defined piecewise by the formula
x, x 0
x
x, x 0
The function is even, and its graph is symmetric about the y-axis
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 36
Composite Functions
Suppose that some of the outputs of a function g can be used as inputs of
a function f . We can then link g and f to form a new function whose inputs
x are inputs of g and whose outputs are the numbers f g x .
We say that the function f g x read f of g of x is the composite
of g and f . The usual standard notation for the composite is f g ,
which is read “ f of g.”
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 37
Example Composite Functions
Given f ( x) 2 x 3 and g x 5 x, find f g .
( f g ) x f g x
f 5 x
2 5 x 3
10 x 3
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.2- 38
Prerequisites for Calculus
Exponential Functions
MTH-112 Calculus 1
Quick Review
In Exercises 1 3, evaluate the expression. Round your answers
to 3 decimal places.
2
2
1. 5 3
2. 3
3. 31.5
In Exercises 4 6, solve the equation. Round your answers
to 4 decimal places.
4. x 3 17 5. x 5 24
6. x10 1.4567
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 40
Quick Review Solutions
In Exercises 1 3, evaluate the expression. Round your answers
to 3 decimal places.
2
2
1. 5 3
2.924 2. 3 4.729
3. 31.5 0.192
In Exercises 4 6, solve the equation. Round your answers
to 4 decimal places.
4. x 3 17 2.5713 5. x 5 24 1.8882
6. x10 1.4567 1.0383
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 41
Exponential Function
Let a be a positive real number other than 1. The function
f ( x) a x
is the exponential function with base a.
The domain of f ( x) a x is ( , ) and the range is (0, ).
Compound interest investment and population growth are examples
of exponential growth.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 42
Exponential Growth
If a 1 the graph of f looks like the graph of y 2 x
in Figure 1.22a
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 43
Exponential Growth
If 0 a 1 the graph of f looks like the graph of y 2 x
in Figure 1.22b.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 44
Rules for Exponents
If a 0 and b 0, the following hold for all real numbers x and y.
4. a b ab
x y x
1. a a a
x y x x
x
ax a a
x
2. y a x y 5. x
a b b
3. a a
y x
x y
a xy
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 45
Exponential Growth and Exponential Decay
The function y k a x , k 0, is a model for exponential growth
if a 1, and a model for exponential decay if 0 a 1.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 46
Example Exponential Functions
Use a grapher to find the zero’s of f x 4 x 3.
x
f x 4 3
[5, 5], [10,10]
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 47
The Number e
Many natural, physical and economic phenomena are best modeled
by an exponential function whose base is the famous number e, which is
2.718281828 to nine decimal places.
x
1
We can define e to be the number that the function f x 1
x
approaches as x approaches infinity.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 48
The Number e
The exponential functions y e x and y e x are frequently used as models
of exponential growth or decay.
Interest compounded continuously uses the model y P e r t , where P is the
initial investment, r is the interest rate as a decimal and t is the time in years.
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.3- 49
Prerequisites for Calculus
Functions and
Logarithms
MTH-112 Calculus 1
Inverse Properties for ax and loga x
log a x
Base a : a x, a 1, x0
Base e : eln x x, ln e x x, x 0
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.5- 51
Example Properties of Logarithms
Solve the following for x.
2 x 12
2 x 12
ln 2 x ln12 Take logarithms of both sides
x ln 2 ln12 PowerRule
ln12 2.302585
x 3.32193
ln 2 .693147
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.5- 52
Example Properties of Logarithms
Solve the following for x.
e x 5 60
e x 5 60
e x 55 Subtract 5
ln e x ln 55 Take logarithm of both sides
x ln 55 4.007333
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.5- 53
Trigonometric Functions
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.6- 54
Section 1.6
Trigonometric Functions
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.6- 55
Radian Measure
• An angle of measure θ is placed in standard position at the
center of circle of radius r,
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.6- 56
Trigonometric Functions of θ
The six basic trigonometric functions of are
defined as follows:
y r
sine: sin cosecant: csc
r y
x r
cosine: cos secant: sec
r x
y x
tangent: tan cotangent: cot
x y
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.6- 57
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
• When we graph trigonometric functions in the coordinate plane, we usually
denote the independent variable (radians) by x instead of θ .
MTH-112 Calculus 1 Slide 1.6- 58
