BIODIVERSIT

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Q1 MODULE 6
 BIODIVERSITY

The variety of life in a given

area.
Which one has greater amount of biodiversity?
• Each species, how big or small may have an
important role in keeping a well-balanced
ecosystem.

• ln a balanced ecosystem, organisms need a

balanced environment. A change in
population sizes may be due to factors
affecting the environment.
 POPULATION
• a group of living things within a certain
area that are all of the same species.
• A population of one kind may affect a
population of another kind.
BIODIVERSITY INDEX
• used to describe the number of species that
are present in a given habitat.
• A simple diversity index is calculated using
this formula:
 Examples
● a 100 square meter area has 100 cabbage plant

● a 100 square meter area with 1 cabbage, 1

carrot, 1 potato and 1 onion, for a total of 4
different species and 4 individuals
 BIODIVERSITY INDEX
•The closer the diversity index to 1, the more
healthy and diverse it is.

•Meaning, a community with high index of

diversity will enable to survive environmental
changes better than a low index of diversity.
POPULATION DENSITY

the number of individual per unit

area.
 Example
● a population of 100 small fishes that live in a pond with
an area of 100 square meter has a population density of
1 small fish per square meter. lf the same number of
fishes live in an area of only 1 square meter, what is its
density? Which is more crowded? A 100 square meter
pond with 100 small fishes or a 1 square meter pond
with 100 small fishes?
CARRYING CAPACITY
• The maximum population size an
environment can support.
• The carrying capacity of the environment
should always be greater than population
density, or else many of the species will die.
CARRYING CAPACITY
• A high population density that will not exceed
the carrying capacity of the environment is the
ideal condition of the community.
• This leads to where the chances of the species
to adapt to environmental changes. Thus, the
probability of survival increases.
 LIMITING FACTORS
● This environmental condition that
limit the size of a population.
● Limiting factors help balance an
ecosystem by preventing the
population from increasing.
 LIMITING FACTORS
● This includes the availability of food
and water, severe climate and weather
change, light, soil, nutrients,
commercial development, disease,
living condition, and more.
● Limiting factors are often connected to
population density.
LIMITING FACTORS
● The greater the population density, the
greater the effect of limiting factors on
a population.
● For example, in Figure 3, flowers may
be a limiting factor to bees. If the
population of bees are so many, there
is a possibility that food is not enough
for each of them.
• There are some species that can survive in the
environment and abundant on earth and they do
not have to worry about decreasing population.
Examples are cats, dogs, rabbit.
• However, there are species who cannot survive
easily in an environment. The reason for this is
that, human uses plants and animals for their
every day living.
• There are some species that can survive in the
environment and abundant on earth and they do
not have to worry about decreasing population.
Examples are cats, dogs, rabbit.
• However, there are species who cannot survive
easily in an environment. The reason for this is
that, human uses plants and animals for their every
day living.
• Food, medicine, clothing, building supplies, are
some of the things that people rely on wildlife.
 THREATENED SPECIES
• When a particular species is susceptible of
declining so fast that it becomes endangered.
• ln year 2004, the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) released the
National list of Threatened Fauna Species in
the Philippines.
 THREATENED SPECIES
• This include 57 mammals, 683 birds, 355 reptiles,
115 amphibians and 784 invertebrates.
• The population is reducing as its habitat is being
vanished by human.
• Threatened species are animals and plants whose
numbers are very low or reducing rapidly.
• Threatened species are not endangered yet, but are
possible to become endangered in the future.
 ENDANGERED SPECIES
• Once the number of species becomes so low that
only few remain.
• A Republic Act No. 9147 known as the “Wildlife
Resources Conservation and Protection Act”
• An Act providing for the conservation and
protection of wildlife resources and their habitats,
appropriating funds therefor and for other
purposes.
ENDANGERED SPECIES
Panay and
Negros

Philippine eagle also referred to Philippine spotted deer

as monkey-eating eagle
 ENDANGERED SPECIES

Philippine freshwater crocodile

also known as Mindoro crocodile Tamaraw also known as Mindoro
dwarf buffalo
ENDANGERED SPECIES

inhabitant of the
islands of Leyte,
Bohol, Samar and
Mindanao

Philippine tarsier
ENDANGERED SPECIES
found in Negros, Batangas
and Leyte

One of the primary cause

of the decrease in
population is habitat loss
or deforestation.

Dugong
• Endangered species, if not protected,
could eventually become extinct.
• Extinction is the vanishing of a species
when the last of its members die.
• Meaning, if the number of species
decreases to zero, the species is known as
extinct.
• Dinosaurs and golden toads are extinct
and cannot be found anywhere.
• The rate of extinction is becoming faster
because of human activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
 BIODIVERSITY LOSS
• Diminishing biodiversity within an organisms and
their environment is called loss of biodiversity.
• lt also described the decrease in number of
species, its variety and the biological communities
in a given area.
 BIODIVERSITY LOSS
• lf the variety of species will no longer exist, this
will lead to the failure of ecosystem to function.
• The knowledge about biodiversity is frequently
associated with species richness and abundance
(the number of species in an area), thus,
biodiversity loss is often viewed as what we call
Species Extinction.
Why do you think species become
extinct? Do you think we are
responsible for the extinction of
species?
 HABITAT LOSS
• The destruction of an existing natural habitat - decrease
or eliminates the sources of food or living space for
most species.
• This is the major cause of wildlife depletion.
• Cutting trees in the forest is one cause of habitat loss.
This is what we call deforestation.
• The different causes of deforestation in the Philippines
are illegal logging, kaingin system, forest fire,
industrial activities, mining and agricultural
conversion to housing.
 What will happen if we do
those activities? What are the
consequences?
 HABITAT LOSS
• lf the destructions continue, it may no longer
be able to provide the food, shelter or other
resources to raise young that wildlife need in
order to survive.
• Therefore that species will die and become
extinct. ln other cases, some animals may first
be threatened referring to species that are
closely related to being endangered.
 INVASIVE SPECIES
• When an animal, plant or microorganism moves
into a new place or area, it can affect the resident
species in different ways.
• Invasive species is an organism that is not natural
or belonging to a particular area. lt can cause great
environmental and economic damage to the new
environment.
• ln order for the species to be invasive, it must
adapt to the new area easily.
 INVASIVE SPECIES
•lt can damage the property, the
economy or resources to that region.
•Example of invasive species in the
Philippines is the water hyacinth,
which is native to tropical or
subtropical South America.
 INVASIVE SPECIES
• lnvasive species have much impact in biodiversity
like removing the nature species through
competition, predation, destruction of local
ecosystem and its function.
• lt can be the cause of biodiversity loss as they tend
to compete and displace native species and cause
ecological imbalance specially when they increase
in population.
 OVERHARVESTING
• This refers to the harvesting a renewable
resources to the point of decreasing in
number.
• lt is also called overexploitation.
• All living things need resources in order to
survive. ln order for us to survive, we
harvested food and other natural resources
that we need.
 OVERHARVESTING

• Overharvesting these resources for a long period of time can decrease natural
resources to the extent where they are not capable to recover within a short
period of time.
 WATER POLLUTION
• lt happens when unwanted foreign substances are
introduced into natural water.
• This process makes water dirty and not safe or suitable
to use.
• Common pollutants in water are animal waste,
disease producing organisms, radioactive
materials, agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers,
pesticide or herbicide, toxic metals such as lead
and mercury, high temperature discharged from
power plants often called thermal pollution.
 WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
• the major problem in rivers, ponds and lakes.
• This is the process by which a body of water becomes
enriched in dissolved nutrients like phosphate that stimulate
the growth of plant life in water usually resulting in the
depletion of dissolved oxygen.
• When nitrates and phosphates are settled from the land into
the rivers and lakes, it promotes the growth of algae and other
aquatic plant and then it takes oxygen from the water, causing
the death of fish and other aquatic animals.
 WATER POLLUTION
• Another thing that happens when there is water
pollution is mass death of fish or fish kill.
• Overturn is a natural phenomenon that usually
happens at the beginning of rainy season or when
heavy rains occur after a long dry spell.
• Although most fish kills is because of natural events,
people can influence the severity and rate of its
occurrence. Because of the little oxygen in the water,
it is insufficient for the species to survive.
 AIR POLLUTION
• The gases we’re inhaling through our nose will be possibly
killing us slowly. When the air we breath is not clean, our
health is affected as well as other species.
• Air pollution is a big problem, not just for people or other
organisms living on earth but also causes global warming
and damage to the ozone layer.
• Humans are undoubtedly affected by air pollution, as seen
by diseases like cancer, asthma or other pulmonary disease
but other living organisms are victim to its effects too.
 AIR POLLUTION
• Car is one of the major contributor of air pollution.
• Car emitted or produces harmful gases like carbon
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide etc. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
is a group of air pollutants from the combustion process.
• ln urban area where there are lots of car, presence of
NO2 is mainly due to traffic. Nitric Oxide (NO) which is
emitted by car or motor vehicles combines with oxygen
in the atmosphere producing NO2..
 AIR POLLUTION
• NO2 and other nitrogen oxides are also precursors for
some harmful secondary air pollutants like ozone and
particulate matter and also has a role in the formation of
acid rain.
• Acid rain or Acid Precipitation which has become
acidic (pH less than 5.6) when the rain combines with
gaseous pollutants such as Sulphur oxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxide (NO).
• Acid rain may cause acidification in the soil, surface of
water or ecosystem. Therefore it can be harmful to living
organisms.
 AIR POLLUTION
• Other contributing factors to air pollution are factories
and power plants that burn coal.
• When coal burns sulfur (which is the content of coal)
combines with oxygen in the air to form sulfur dioxide
(SO2) same with power plants that burn coal and releases
particles, dust and smoke into the air. These particulates
when inhaled by human affects the lungs and even block
sunlight.
• Many species have experience pollution that have caused
death or threat to their habitat which will have been
pushed the species to extinction.
 CLIMATE CHANGE associated
with GLOBAL WARMING
• Global warming is an increase in the temperature
of the earth because of the rapid build up of
carbon dioxide and other gases.
• As carbon dioxide and other gases emitted in the
atmosphere increases, greenhouse effect also
intensifies. This will change the world climate
patterns or lead to global warming.
 Impact of Climate change with
Global warming on Biodiversity
· The global warming persistently changing colder
climate further toward the north and south poles,
forcing species to move with their own adapted
climate.
· Climate change also get rid of the timing of
species adaptations to seasonal food resources and
even breeding time.
 Impact of Climate change with
Global warming on Biodiversity
· The gradual melting following by refreezing of
the poles, glaciers and higher mountains, which is
the cycle that provide freshwater to environments
for centuries will also be at risk or in danger.
There is a possibility that too many salt water and
a shortage of fresh water.
 Impact of Climate change with
Global warming on Biodiversity
· Due to glacial melt and the greater volume of
warmer water, global warming will raise the
ocean level, thus increase water level in the
shoreline that will reduce island size, which
will affect many species because a number of
island will entirely disappear.
· Most of the environmental issues nowadays are caused by
human activities and even increase in population.
· People starting to realize that to ensure the species
survival, we have to change the way on how we interact
with the environment.
· This is a challenge to everybody, to make sure that the
needed resources for the survival of the living things will
still be available in the future. This practice is called
sustainable development.
• Sustainable development is an approach to the
planning of the economy that is trying to make it
grow faster while maintaining the quality of the
environment for the next generations.
• To have a sustainable society, it should live under
the carrying capacity of the environment.
• The renewable resources that the society use should
not exceed on the rate at which it is generated to
sustain the needs of the environment in the future.
 THANKS!

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