Reproductive system

Members:
Argwyn I. Garcia
Coleen Mae A. Octaviano
Hannah Michaela C. Catudio
Anna Marie Jovita A. Capito
What is reproductive system?

• is a group of organized structures that make possible the creation, or

reproduction, of new life for continuation of a species. Human
reproduction is sexual, meaning that both a male and a female
contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual.
• It is a collection of internal and external organs in both males and
female that work together for the purpose of procreating.
 The Human Reproductive System

The human reproductive system, just like the reproductive systems of other
vertebrates follows a basic plan in its anatomy where every body part
performs a function. The plan includes the following:
• Gonads- for the production of sperm and egg, and sex hormones.
• Ducts- for the transport of gametes
• Special organs- for the transfer and reception of gametes
• Accessory organs (Endocrine and Exocrine)- for secretions needed in the
production process.
Male Reproductive System

• The main tasks of the male reproductive system are to produce

sperm cells and to introduce sperm into the female reproductive
tract.
• Consists of a number sex organs that are a part of the human
reproductive process.
• Produces, stores and releases the male gametes, or sperm.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

External Genital Organs Internal Genital Organs

1. Penis 1.Testis
2. Scrotum 2. Epididymis
3. Vas Deferens
4. Accessory Glands
a. Seminal Vesicles
b. Prostate Gland
c. Bulbourethral Glands
Male External Genital Organs

Penis
• The male sexual organ for copulation and urination; the tubular portion of
the male genitalia (excluding the scrotum).
• is the organ by which the sperm is introduced into the female.
• It contains spongy tissue that becomes turgid and erect when filled with
blood.
The penis is made of several parts:
• Erectile Tissues
 Corpus spongiosum - is the mass of spongy tissue which
surrounds urethra and involves in erection by allowing
rushing of blood into it
 Corpus cavernosa – is one of a pair of songe-like regions of
erectile tissue which contains most of the blood in the
penis during penile erection
• Urethra – a tube within the penis that conveys semen out of the
body during ejaculation; a common duct
• Glans(head)– the rounded, highly sensitive head of the penis.
• Prepuce – a fold of skin, covering the head of the penis.
Scrotum
• A pouch of skin formed from the lower part of the abdominal wall.
• keeps the testes at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperature.
• It contains the testes, the epididymides, and the lower ends of the
spermatic cords.
• It is divided on its surface into two compartments by a raphé, which is
continued forward to the under surface of the penis, and backward,
along the middle line of the perineum to the anus.
• Each compartment contains one of the two testes, and one of the
epididymides.

The wall of the scrotum has the following layers:

• Skin
• Superficial fascia
• Supermatic fasciae
• Tunica vaginalis
Skin
• The skin of the scrotum is thin, wrinkled, and pigmented and forms a single pouch.
Superficial fascia
• This is continuous with the fatty and membranous layers of the anterior abdominal wall.
• The fat is replaced by smooth muscle called the dartos muscle.
• This is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers and is responsible for the wrinkling of the
overlying skin.
Spermatic fascia
• It has three layers which lie beneath the superficial fascia and are derived from the three
layers of the anterior abdominal wall on each side.
• The external spermatic fascia is derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle; the cremasteric fascia is derived from the internal oblique muscle; and, finally,
the internal spermatic fascia is derived from the fascia transversalis.
Tunica vaginalis
• This lies within the spermatic fasciae and covers the anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces
of each testis.
Male Internal Genital Organs
Testis (plural testes)
• paired male gonads (called testes)
• are the two-oval shaped male organs that produce sperm and hormone
testosterone.
• located in scrotal sacs which are descended from the body cavity where
the lower body temperature favors spermatogenesis.
• each testis is made of tightly coiled structures called seminiferous
tubules.
• Among tubules are cells that produce testosterone.
Epididymis
• is a tightly coiled tubes against the testicles.
• It acts as maturation and storage place for sperm.
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
• The vas deferens is a thin tube that starts from the epididymis to the
urethrain the penis.
• They transport sperm from the epididymis inanticipation of ejaculation.

Accessory glands
• Seminal Vesicles These glands produce nourishing fluids for
• Prostate Gland the sperms that enter the urethra
• Bulbourethral Glands
Seminal Vesicles
• are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens at one side of the bladder.
• they produce a sticky yellowish fluid that contains fructose.
Prostate Gland
• a single fused gland
• surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder.
• It is responsible for making the production of semen, a liquid mixture of sperm cells,
prostate fluid and seminal fluid.
Bulbo-urethral Glands (Cowper’s gland)
• found near the base of the penis, both of which secretes into the urethra
• two small glands located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland.
• these glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra.
Sperm Formation
• MEIOSIS forms sperm in gametes
• Sperm forms in testes
• Scrotum keeps cooler than rest
• Semen is sperm plus protecting fluid
• Semen leaves testes through the vas deferens (sperm ducts) to the
urethra before it exits.
The pathway of the sperm in the male reproductive system are
the following: (arrange in chronological order)

Vas Ejaculatory
Testes Epididymis Urethra
Deferens Duct
Problems Affecting the Male Reproductive
System
Disorders of the Scrotum, Testicles, or Epididymis
Testicular injury - Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or
swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or
crushed, usually during sports or due to other trauma.
Testicular torsion - when one of the testicles twists around, cutting off its blood supply,
can also happen to some guys. It's a serious problem that needs medical attention, but
luckily it's not common.
Varicocele - This is a varicose vein (an abnormally swollen vein) in the network of veins
that run from the testicles. Varicoceles commonly develop while a guy is going through
puberty. A varicocele is usually not harmful, although in some people it may damage the
testicle or decrease sperm production, so it helps for a guy to see his doctor if he's
concerned about changes in his testicles.
Testicular cancer - This is one of the most common cancers in men younger than 40. It
occurs when cells in the testicle divide abnormally and form a tumor. Testicular cancer can
spread to other parts of the body, but if it's detected early, the cure rate is excellent. All
guys should do testicular self-examinations regularly to help with early detection.

Epididymitis - is inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tubes that connect the testes
with the vas deferens. It is usually caused by an infection, such as the sexually transmitted
disease chlamydia, and results in pain and swelling next to one of the testicles.

Hydrocele - A hydrocele is when fluid collects in the membranes surrounding the testes.
Hydroceles may cause swelling in the scrotum around the testicle but are generally
painless. In some cases, surgery may be needed to correct the condition.

Inguinal hernia- When a portion of the intestines pushes through an abnormal opening or
weakening of the abdominal wall and into the groin or scrotum, it is known as an inguinal
(pronounced: IN-gwuh-nul) hernia. The hernia may look like a bulge or swelling in the groin
area. It can be corrected with surgery.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) – swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the
base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)– the surgical cure for BPH. An instrument
inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to relieve
obstruction of the urinary tract.

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) – PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which
can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer,
although there may be other causes including false positive tests.

Disorders of the Penis

Inflammation of the penis - Symptoms of penile inflammation include redness, itching,
swelling, and pain. Balanitis is when the glans (the head of the penis) becomes inflamed.
Posthitis is foreskin inflammation, which is usually due to a yeast or bacterial infection.

Hypospadius - is a disorder in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, not at
the tip.
Female Reproductive System

• The main tasks of the female reproductive system are to produce ova,
receive sperm from the penis, house and provide nutrients to the
developing embryo (fetus), give birth, and produce milk to feed
offspring.
• The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure
the continuation of the human race.
Female Internal Reproductive organs
1.Cervix
2.Vagina
3.Ovaries [gonads]
4.Fallopian tubes [oviducts]
5.Uterus

Female external genital organs

1.Vulva
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Bartholin glands
• Clitoris
Female Internal Reproductive Organs

Cervix
• The lower portion or neck of the uterus.
• The cervix is lined with mucus, known as cervical mucus
 Cervical mucus provides lubrication & sperm transport during
sexual intercourse
 During ovulation secretion of cervical mucus increases in response
to estrogen
 But when an egg is ready for fertilization, the mucus then becomes
thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm
At the end of pregnancy

• The cervix acts as the passage through which the

baby exits the uterus into the vagina.
• The cervical canal expands roughly 50 times its
normal width for the passage of the baby during
birth at the end of pregnancy
Vagina
• A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external
genitals to the uterus.
• Functions as a two-way street, accepting the penis and
sperm during intercourse
• Serving as the avenue of birth through which the new
baby enters the world
Ovaries (gonads)
• Also known as female gonads
• They produce eggs (also called ova) every female is born with a lifetime supply
of eggs
• They also produce hormones:
 Estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for
 Progesterone menstruation, and their release is triggered by the
hypothalamus.
Estrogen
• causes the development of secondary sexual trait, such as the development of the
breasts and the broadening of the hips, together with the development of the uterine
walls.
Progesterone
• is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important
roles in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy.
It may also be involved in the growth of certain cancers.
Fallopian tubes [oviducts]
• Where a sperm can fertilize an egg.
• Stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and
measure about 8 to 13 cm in length.
• The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to
the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria
• Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria
and interior of the fallopian tubes.
• The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a
second catching the egg at ovulation and
moving it through the tube to the uterine
cavity.
• Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian
tube
Uterus
• The main purpose of the uterus is to nourish a fetus prior to birth.
• located between the bladder and the rectum, in the pelvic area.
• Pear-shaped muscular organ in the female reproductive tract.
• The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus where pregnancy occurs.
• The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina
and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until
it is time to deliver a baby.
• The uterus expands considerably during the reproductive process.
• The organ grows to from 10 to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.
The main body consists of a firm outer coat of muscle
(myometrium) and an inner lining of vascular, glandular
material (endometrium).

3 basic parts of the Uterus

• Myometrium- The middle layer of the uterus. This is
the wall of the uterus; and is where fibroids grow.
• Endometrium- This is the inner layer of the uterus.
It is this lining which is shed during the menstrual
period; and it is in this lining that the embryo
implants.
 During pregnancy, the blood vessels in the
endometrium further increase in size and number,
forming the placenta, Placenta supplies oxygen and
nutrition to the embryo & fetus.
• Perimetrium (serosa)-The outer layer of the uterus.
It is a thin layer of tissue made of epithelial cells that
envelop the uterus.
Female External Genital Organs

The external genital organs have three main functions:

 Enabling sperm to enter the body
 Protecting the internal genital organs from infectious organisms
 Providing sexual pleasure

The external genital organs include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora,
Bartholin glands, and clitoris. The area containing these organs is called the vulva.

Vulva
• which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum
• external female genitalia that surround the opening to the vagina
Main structures of vulva:

 Labia majora or “large lips"

• are relatively large, fleshy folds of tissue that enclose and protect the other
external genital organs
• They are comparable to the scrotum in males
• contain sweat and sebaceous glands, which produce lubricating secretions
• During puberty, hair appears on the labia majora

 Labia minora or “small lips"

• can be very small or up to 2 inches wide
• A rich supply of blood vessels gives the labia minora a pink color
• During sexual stimulation, these blood vessels become engorged with blood,
causing the labia minora to swell and become more sensitive to stimulation.

 Bartholin glands
• located beside the vaginal opening
• secrete a thick fluid that supplies lubrication for intercourse
 Mons Pubis
• is a rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
• During puberty, it becomes covered with hair
• contains oil-secreting (sebaceous) glands that release substances that are
involved in sexual attraction (pheromones).

 The clitoris
• is a small pea- shaped structure
• It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females
• located between the labia minora at their upper end
Menstrual Cycle
• Menstruation is the shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
accompanied by bleeding.
• Occurs in approximately monthly cycles throughout a woman's
reproductive life, except during pregnancy.
• Menstruation starts during puberty (at menarche) and stops
permanently at menopause.
• Menstrual cycles normally range from about 25 to 36 days.
• Menstrual bleeding lasts 3 to 7 days, averaging 5 days.
• Blood loss during a cycle usually ranges from 1/2 to 2 1/2 ounces.
Phases of Menstrual Cycle:

The day count for menstrual cycle begins on the first day of
menstruation when blood starts to come out of the vagina.
In this section, the length of menstrual cycle has been
assumed to be 28 days (which is the average among women).
The entire duration of a Menstrual cycle can be divided into
four main phases:

1.) Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5)

2.) Follicular phase (From day 1 to 13)
3.) Ovulation phase (Day 14)
4.) Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28)
Menstrual phase (day 1-5)
• Menstrual phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts till the 5th
day of the menstrual cycle.
The following events occur during this phase:
 The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits
the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.
 Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered normal.
 You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the
contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the
menstrual fluid.

Follicular phase (day 1-13)

• This phase also begins on the first day of menstruation, but it lasts till the 13th
day of the menstrual cycle.
The following events occur during this phase:
 The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the
ovaries to grow.
 One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called
follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity.
 While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates
the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called
endometrium.
Ovulation phase (day 14)
• On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland secretes a hormone
that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg
cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae.
Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian
tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender hair like projections on
each Fimbria

Luteal phase (day 15-28)

• This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle.

The following events occur during this phase:

 The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian
tube for 24 hours.
 If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell within that time, the
egg cell disintegrates.
 The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets
used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual
phase of the next cycle to begin.
Ovum Formation
• MEIOSIS forms the eggs (ova)
• Eggs are formed before birth
• 1 egg per month is matured and released from ovaries, most of the time
• Eggs travel through the fallopian tube where they may become fertilized

Fertilization
• Occurs in upper 1/3 of Fallopian tube
• Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg
• Fertilized egg = zygote
• An average woman is pregnant (gestational period) for 9 whole months. That is 40 weeks.
Babies can survive if they are born earlier, but they may have complications due to being
premature.

Implantation
• Fertilized eggs are implanted into thick walls of uterus
• Membranes dig into uterus to form placenta
• Zygote grows into an embryo
• Embryo gets air and nutrients through the umbilical cord
• Mom’s uterus grows with the baby
1st 12 weeks

• Heart develops first

• Neural tube develops
• All body systems appear by Week 8 –
Now a Fetus
Up to 24 weeks

• Most growth
• Looks more like a baby
• Some preemies survive at this stage
Up to 40 weeks

• More growth
• Kicking, rolling, stretching
• Eyes open – Week 32
• Lungs mature
• Rotates to head-down position, unless
baby is breech
Birth
• Labor
 Uterine contractions begin
 Cervix dilates to 10 cm.

Birth
• Uterus pushes baby through vaginal canal
• Placenta delivered after baby
• Cesarean Section (c-section) is a surgery
that cuts through the uterus to deliver
the baby if it cannot be born vaginally
Problems Affecting the Female
Reproductive System
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - is a common cause of pain in the pelvic region in
women. In this condition, some of the female reproductive organs become inflamed,
usually as a result of an infection. Young and sexually active women are most likely to be
affected.
Endometriosis - acondition in which endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus
and is attached to other organs in the abdomen
Ovarian Cyst - are fluid-filled sacs that grow on or in the ovaries. Most ovarian cysts are
noncancerous and not harmful, but a cyst may sometimes become cancerous. Cancerous
cysts are more likely to develop in women over the age of 40.
Cancer of the Uterus - A cancerous tumour that grows in the lining of the uterus and most
common between the ages of 55 and 65
Vulvovaginitis - is a very common disorder affecting most women at some time during their
life. In this condition, the vulva and the vagina become inflamed, itchy, and sore. There
may also be pain during sexual intercourse and a discharge from the vagina. The condition
can also affect children.
Reproductive System of
the Frog
• In frog sexes are separate. Male and female frogs can be morphologically
distinguished. The male frog have vocal cords which enable them to make
a croaking noise to attract the females during the rainy, breeding season.

Female Male
External Fertilization of the frog
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF MALE FROG
• In the male frog the principal reproductive
organs are a pair of testes and the accessory
reproductive
organs are :

1.Testes
2.Vasa efferentia
3.Kidney
4.Urinogenital Duct
5. Cloaca
6.Cloacal Aperture
Sperms are released through small tubes
into the kidney. Sperm cells go out from
the kidney w/ urine through the ureter to
the enlarged terminal portion of the
digestive tube (cloaca), then out of the
body.

FROG SPERM PRODUCTION

• Testes- Sex glands in the male that produce sperm.

• Vasa defferentia- Arise from each testis and enter the kidney to open in the Bidder's
Canal. They are thin and slender.

• Kidney- One of a pair of organs responsible for filtering and exrecting waste from the
blood.

• Urinogenital Duct-The common duct for the passage of excretory and genital products.

• Cloaca-A sac that collects discharge from the large intestine, urinary bladder, and
gonads before it is eliminated from the body.

• Cloacal Aperture-The opening of the frog, it is also the anus.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF FEMALE FROG
• In the female frog the principal reproductive
organs are a pair of ovaries and the accessory
reproductive organs are :

1. Ostium
2. Oviduct
3. Ovary
4. Kidney
5. Uterer
6. Ovisac
7. Cloaca
8. Cloaca Aperture
The ovaries are situated near the
kidneys. He eggs are delivered into the
long, tube structure called oviduct.
There, eggs are coated with jellylike
substances. The egg goes out via the
cloaca.

Adult female golden frog with freshly laid eggs

• Ostium- is the opening in the infundibulum of uterine tube into the abdominal
cavity.

• Oviduct-Fallopian tube; one of a pair of tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries.

• Ovary-The ovaries produce the ova (egg cells).

• Kidney-One of a pair of organs responsible for filtering and exrecting waste from
the blood.

• Ovisac-each oviduct widens into a thin-walled called ovisac.

• Cloaca-A sac that collects discharge from the large intestine, urinary bladder, and
gonads before it is eliminated from the body.

• Cloaca Aperture-The opening of the frog, it is also the anus.

During mating season, the
male produces croaking sound
to attract females. When
female arrives, the male sits
on the back of the female.
Such position is called
copulatory embrace or
amplexus. In this position,
they release their gametes
(egg and sperm) into the
water.
Eggs are deposited
outside and the male
releases sperm to
fertilize it. External
fertilization occurs.
Thank you!!! 