BRITISH HISTORY
WEEK 2
1. Pre-history
2. The Roman period (AD43 – 410)
3. The Germanic invasions (410 – 1066)
4. The medieval period (1066 – 1485)
5. The 16th century
6. The 17th century
7. The 18th century
8. The 19th century
9. The 20th century
GLOSSORY
Người Celt (/kɛlt/ hoặc /sɛlt/), còn gọi người Xen-tơ hay người Keo, là một nhóm đa dạng các
bộ lạc, bộ tộc và dân tộc thời kì đồ sắt và thời kì đầu Trung Cổ ở châu Âu, và từng nói các ngôn
ngữ Celt.
1. The Celts: people who had been arriving from Europe
- Celtic /ˈkeltɪk/ /ˈseltɪk/ (a)
- Celtic languages: Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh
- Celtic areas includes Ireland, Wales and highland Scotland
2. The Picts: one Celtic tribe
3. The Anglo-Saxons: two tribes (Angles and Saxons) from the north-western European
mainland invaded and settled in the south-east of Britain in the 5th century.
4. The Vikings (The Norsemen/The Danes): people coming from the Scandinavian to
Britain in the 8th century.
5. The Norman: came to England from the north of France (Normandy).
Pre-history
- 2,000 years ago
- religious sites built long before
the arrival of the Celts
- South-western England (Wiltshire)
- Silbury Hill & Stonehenge
All this was done 4,600 years ago, with
whatever primitive tools were
available. (This is the same time
periods as the Pyramids.)
1. Why was this mound made?
2. Why was it constructed where it
was?
3. Was it a hill-fort?
4. Was it part of the Avebury series of
astronomical observation complex, as
Silbury is the tallest prehistoric many scientists now conclude?
man-made hill in Europe. 5. Was it a giant sundial, as others have
Scientists have speculated that the suggested?
building of the mound took 8.75 6. Was it a burial mound for a long-
million cubic feet and 18 million forgotten King Sil?
man-hours. No one knows.
- a prehistoric monument in
Wiltshire, England
- consists of a ring of standing
stones, with each standing stone
around 4.0 m high, 2.1 m wide
and weighing around 25 tons
- one of the most famous landmarks in
the United Kingdom
- regarded as a British cultural icon
1. How was it built with the technology of
the time (the stones came over from 200
- Now a tourist attraction miles away in Wales)?
- A gathering point for certain minority 2. Why was it built?
groups such as hippies. - A kind of astronomical clock?
- Fenced off to protect it from damage. - A burial ground?
The Roman period (43 – 410)
- The Roman imposed their own way of life and culture.
- made use of the existing Celtic aristocracy to govern
- encouraged the Celtic aristocracy to adopt Roman dress and the Roman language (Latin)
- A Celtic tribe called the Scots migrated from Ireland to Scotland, where they became allies of the Picts
and opponents of the Romans.
- The Celts: experienced direct Roman rule (the Britons in England and Wales)
- The Celts: who did not (the Gaels in Ireland and Scotland)
- Despite their long occupation of Britain, the Roman left very little behind.
- Most of their villas, baths and temples, their impressive network of roads, the cities they founded were
destroyed or fell into disrepair.
Why Roman Britannia disappeared so quickly?
Its influence was largely confined to the towns. Most people lived in the countryside.
- The only lasting reminder of their presence are place-names like -chester, -caster, -cester. Caster came
from Latin which means a fort.
The Germanic invasions (410 – 1066)
- The Roman occupation: a matter of colonial control rather
than large-scale settlement
- During the 5th century, a number of tribes from the north-
western European mainland invaded and settled in large
numbers.
- Two of these tribes were the Angles and Saxons.
- They soon had the south east of the country in their grasp.
- In the west of the country their advance was temporarily
halted by an army of (Celtic) Britons under the command of the
legendary King Arthur.
King Arthur
- the head of the kingdom Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table
- a Roman-affiliated military leader who successfully staved off a Saxon invasion during the
5th to 6th centuries stop something bad from happening, usually temporarily
- Movie “King Arthur – Legend of the Sword” 2017
- By the end of the 6th century, they dominated nearly all of England and in parts of southern
Scotland.
- The Celtic Britons: either Saxonized or driven westwards, where their culture and language
survived in south-west Scotland, Wales and Cornwall
- The Anglo-Saxons had little use for towns and cities.
- Had a great effect on the countryside, where they introduced new farming methods and founded
the thousands of self-sufficient villages which formed the basis of English society for the next
thousands or so years.
/ˈpeɪ.ɡən/ belonging or relating to a religion that worships many gods,
- pagan when they came to Britain. especially one that existed before the main world religions (Đa Thần Giáo)
- Christianity spread throughout Britain from 2 different directions during the 6 th and 7th centuries:
◦ from Roman when St. Augustine arrived in 597
◦ introduced into Scotland and northern England from Ireland, which had become Christian more than
150 years earlier.
- Britain experienced another wave of Germanic invasions in the 8 th century.
- These invaders, known as Vikings, Norsemen or Danes, came from Scandinavia.
- In the 9th century, they conquered and settled the extreme north and west of Scotland and some
coastal regions of Ireland.
- Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred / ˈælfrɪd/ of the Saxon
kingdom of Wessex. /ˈwɛsɪks/
- This resulted in an agreement which divided England between Wessex, in the south and west, and
the “Danelaw” in the north and east.
King Alfred /ˈælfrɪd/
an able warrior, a dedicated scholar, a wise ruler
known as “Alfred the Great” – the only monarch in
English history to be given this title
popularly known for the story of burning the cakes
While Alfred was wandering around his country organizing resistance to the
Viking invaders, he travelled in disguise. On one occasion, he stopped at a
woman’s house. The woman asked him to watch some cakes that were
cooking to see that they did not burn, while she went off to get food. Alfred
became lost in thought and the cakes burned. When the woman returned, she
shouted angrily at Alfred and sent him away. Alfred never told her that he was
her king.
1066
most popular date in English history
14/10/1066, an invading army from Normandy
defeated the English at the battle of Hastings.
The battle was extremely bloody.
Most of the best warriors in England were dead,
known in history as “William
including their leader, King Harold. the Conqueror”
On Christmas day that year, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was
crowned king of England.
The date is remembered for being the last time that England was successfully
invaded.
The medieval
of /from the Middle Ages /ˌmediˈiːv(ə)l/ period (1066 –
1485)
- the Norman invasion was small scale
- no Norman village, no Norman area of settlement
- the Norman soldiers were given ownership of land and of the people living on it
- A strict feudal system was imposed.
- Great nobles or barons were responsible directly to the king
- Lesser lords, each owning a village, were directly responsible to a baron.
- Under them were peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local
lord and forbidden to travel without his permission.
- The peasants were English-speaking Saxons.
- The lords and barons were French-speaking Normans.
- By the end of the 13th century, a large part of eastern Ireland was controlled by Anglo-Norman
lords and the whole of Wales was under his direct rule.
- Scotland remained politically independent in the medieval time but fought wars to do so.
- Northernand central Wales was never settled in great numbers by
Saxon or Norman.
- The Welsh language and culture remained strong.
- Eisteddfods /aɪˈsteðvɒd/, national festivals of Welsh song and
poetry, continued throughout the medieval time and still take place
today.
- The Parliament began its gradual evolution into the democratic
body which it is today.
- The word “Parliament” comes from the French word parler (to
speak), first used in England in the 13th century to describe an
assembly of nobles called together by the King.
- 1295, the Model Parliament set the pattern for the future by
including elected representatives from urban and rural areas.
The 16th century
- The power of the English monarch increased in this period.
- The strength of the great barons had been greatly weakened by the Wars of the Roses.
- During the 15th century, the throne of England was claimed by representatives of 2 rival
groups.
- The Lancastrians, whose symbol was a red rose, supported the descendants of the Duke of
Lancaster
- The Yorkists, whose symbol was a white rose, supported the Duke of York.
- The struggle for power led to the “Wars of Roses” between 1455 and 1485.
- They ended when Henry VII defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field and
were followed by an era of stability and strong government.
- The Black Death contributed to the reduction of the power of the English monarch.
- It killed 1/3 of the population in the middle of the 14 th century and continued to reappear
periodically for another 300 years.
- The shortage of labor and the increasing importance of trade helped to weaken the ties
between feudal lord and peasant.
The Tudor dynasty (1485 – 1603)
- established a system of government department, staffed by professionals who
defended for their position on the monarch.
- the feudal barons were no longer needed for implementing government policy
- Parliament was split into two Houses
- The House of Lords consisted of the feudal aristocracy and the leaders of the
Church
- The House of Commons consisted of representatives from the towns and the
less important landowners in rural areas.
- It was now more important for the monarch to get the agreement of the
Commons for policy making because that was where the newly powerful
merchants and landowners (the people with money) were represented.
King Henry VIII (1491-1547)
- Henry VIII wanted a divorce which the Pope (the leader of the
Roman Catholic Church )would not give him.
- By making himself head of the “Church of England”, independent of
Rome, all church lands came under his control and gave him a large
new source of income.
- Henry VIII is one of the most well-known monarchs in English
history, chiefly because he took 6 wives during his life.
- During his reign, the Reformation took place.
- 1530s, Henry used Parliament to pass laws which swept away the
power of the Roman Church in England.
- He had a law passed which demanded complete adherence to
Catholic belief and practice.
daughter of Henry VIII
Elizabeth I
the first of three long-reigning queens
in British history
the other two are Queen Victoria and
Elizabeth II
skillful diplomacy, a reasonable degree
of internal stability in a firmly
Protestant England
allowing the growth of a spirit of
patriotism and general confidence
She was never married, but used its
possibility as a diplomatic tool
known as “the virgin queen”
The state of Virginia in the USA was
named after her by one English
explorers of the time (Sir Walter
Raleigh).
The 17th century
- When James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already king
of Scotland, so the crowns of these two countries were united.
- He was the first monarch to be called the king of Great Britain.
- He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 until his death and he ruled in
England and Ireland from 24 March 1603 until his death.
- His reign was important because it was the first time England and Scotland had the
same monarch. He was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart. The
previous English monarch had been Elizabeth I. She had died without any children, so
the English agreed to have a Scottish monarch because James was the son of Mary,
Queen of Scots, thus the closest relative Elizabeth had.
The 17th century
- Their parliaments and administrative and judicial systems continued to be separate
- Their linguistic differences were lessened in this century.
- 16th cen., religion and politics became linked.
- This link became even more intense in the 17th cen.
- At the beginning of the cen., some people tried to kill the king because he was not
Catholic enough.
- At the end of the cen., another king had been killed partly because he was too
Catholic.
- Another had been forced into exile because he was too Catholic, too.
- During this cen., Parliament established its supremacy over the monarchy in Britain.
- Puritans regarded many of the practices of the Anglican Church as immoral.
- Some thought the luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers was immoral.
- This conflict led to the Civil War, which ended with the victory of the parliamentary forces.
- A contest between fun-loving, aristocratic, royalist “Cavaliers” and over-serious, puritan
parliamentarian “Roundheads” (because of their hair-cuts)
- The king (Charles I) was captured and became the first monarch in Europe to be executed.
- The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell, became “Lord Protector” of a republic
with a military government
- But when Cromwell died, he, his system of government and the puritan ethics had become so
unpopular that the son of the executed king was asked to return and take the throne.
- The Anglican (means belonging or relating to the Church of England, or to the churches related
to it) Church was restored.
- The conflict between monarch and Parliament soon re-emerged.
- The monarch, James II, tried to give full rights to Catholics and promote them in his
government.
- The “Glorious Revolution” (glorious because it was bloodless) followed in
which Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his Stuart wife
Mary, accepted Parliament’s invitation to become king and queen.
- A monarch could rule only with the support of the Parliament.
- Parliament immediately drew up a Bill of Rights, which limited some of the
powers of the monarch.
- It allowed those who did not agree with the practices of Anglicanism to
practice their religion freely.
- However, they were not allowed to hold government posts or be Members
of Parliament.
- James II fled to Ireland but the Catholic Irish army he gathered was
defeated.
- Laws were passed forbidding Catholics to vote or even own land.
The 18th century Britain gradually expanded
- Politically, this century was stable. its empire in the Americas,
- Monarch and Parliament got on quite well together. along the west African
- Parliament: coast and in India.
- One group, the Whigs, were the political “descendants” of the parliamentarians.
- They supported the Protestant values of hard work and thrift, were sympathetic to Dissenters
and believed in government by monarch and aristocracy together.
- Other group, the Tories, had a greater respect for the idea of the monarch and the importance
of the Anglican Church.
- The 2 terms, Whig and Tory, had first been used in the late 1670s.
- This could be said to be the beginning of the party system in Britain.
- At the beginning of the century, by agreement, the Scottish Parliament joined with the English
and Welsh Parliament at Westminster in London.
- Scotland retained its own system of law, more similar to continental Europe than to that of
England. It does so to this day.
The 19th century
- Not long before the 19th cen., Britain lost its most important American colonies in a war of
independence.
- When the century began, the country was locked in a war with France.
- Soon after the end of the century, Britain controlled the biggest empire.
- One section of this empire was Ireland.
- 1840s, the potato crops failed 2 years in a row and there was a terrible famine.
- Millions of peasants, those with Irish Gaelic language and customs, either died or emigrated.
- By the end of the century, almost the whole of the remaining population were using English as
their first language.
- Another part of the empire was made up of Canada, Australia and New Zealand
- Another was India, an enormous country with a culture more ancient than Britain’s.
- Large parts of Africa also belonged to the empire.
- A change in attitude in Britain towards colonization during the 19th cen.
- Previously, colonization had been seen as a matter of settlement, of
commerce, or of military strategy.
- The aim was simply to possess territory, but not necessarily to govern it.
- By the end of the century, colonization was seen as a matter of destiny.
- There was an enormous increase in wealth during the century, so that Britain
became the world’s foremost economic power.
- Economic power, political stability unequalled anywhere else in Europe gave
the British a sense of supreme confidence, even arrogance, about their culture
and civilization.
- The British came to see themselves as having a duty to spread this culture and
civilization around the world.
- Being the rulers of an empire, was therefore a matter of moral obligation. It
was known as “the white man’s burden”.
In previous
- great changes in social structure This was a new development. centuries, the
- most people lived in towns and cities. countryside wasn’t
something to be
- no longer depended on country landowners for their living but on the owners of industries
discussed or
- these factory owners held the real power in the country admired.
- they established a set of values which emphasized hard work, thrift, religious observance, family life, an
awareness of one’s duty, absolute honesty in public life and extreme respectability in sexual matters
- This is the set of values which we now call Victorian. From this time on, most
- slavery and the laws against people on the basis of religion were abolished British people developed a
sentimental attachment to
- laws were made to protect workers from some of the worst forms of exploitation. the idea of the countryside.
- public services such as the police force were set up.
- The nature of the new industrial society forced many people to live and work in very unpleasant
conditions.
- Writers and intellectuals of this period either protested against the horrors of the new style of life (as
Dickens did) or simply ignored it.
- Many praised the beauties of the countryside and the simplicity of country life.
Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901
the modern powerlessness
of the monarch was
confirmed
became an increasingly
popular symbol of Britain’s
success in the world
a hard-working, religious mother
of 9 children, devoted to her
husband, Prince Albert, she was
regarded as the personification of
contemporary morals.
The idea that the monarch should
set an example to the people in
such matters was unknown before
this time.
The 20th century
- no longer the world’ richest country
- the Suffragettes, women demanding the right to vote, were prepared both to damage
property and to die for their beliefs,
- the problem of Ulster in the north of Ireland led to a situation in which some sections of the
army appeared ready to disobey the government
- the government’s introduction of new types and levels of taxation was opposed so absolutely
by the House of Lords that even Parliament seemed to have an uncertain future in its traditons
form.
- Urban working class (the majority of the population) finally began to make its voice heard.
- In Parliament, the Labor party gradually replaced the Liberals (the “descendants” of the Whigs)
as the main opposition to the Conservatives (the “descendants” of the Tories).
- Trade Union managed to organize themselves.
- 1930s – 1980s, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) was the single most powerful political force
outside the institutions of government and Parliament.
F
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DG
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F
The Domesday Book
The Domesday Book (The Great Survey)
- a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in
1086 by order of King William the Conqueror.
- It was written in Medieval Latin, was highly abbreviated.
- The survey's main purpose was to determine what taxes had been owed during the reign of
King Edward the Confessor, which allowed William to reassert the rights of the Crown and
assess where power lay after a wholesale redistribution of land following the Norman conquest.
The Domesday Book
The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales
- is a collection of 24 stories.
- The Knight, the Miller, the Friar, the Squire, the Prioress, the Wife of Bath, and others who
make up the cast of characters are real people, with human emotions and weaknesses.
The Domesday Book
The Canterbury Tales
bequeath /bɪˈkwiːð/ (v) để lại, truyền lại
strik
e
Eisteddfod /aɪˈsteðvɒd/ lễ hội văn hóa xứ Wales
self-sufficient
‘the white man’s burden’
the Suffragettes
the common
the Reformation: Cải Cách
Eisteddfod
- a Welsh festival of literature, music and performance
Music
[Link]
Performance
[Link]
The Suffragettes /ˌsʌfrəˈdʒets/
- members of militant women's organisations in
the early 20th century
- fought for the right to vote in public elections,
known as women's suffrage
- phụ nữ đòi quyền bầu cử
10 8 1 6 9 2 4 3 7 5
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SEE YOU NEXT WEEK!
