LIQUID FUELS
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
• Octane Number – Percent Volume Of Iso-octane In The Liquid Fuel Which Is Usually A Mixture
Of Iso-octane And Heptane.
• Cetane Number – Percent Volume Of Cetane In A Cetane (C16h34) –Methylnaphthalene (C11h10)
Mixture
• Combined Hydrogen – Hydrogen That Combined With Oxygen Which Forms What Is Also
Called Combined Water
• Net Hydrogen – Total Hydrogen In The Fuel
CASE I. FUEL ANALYSIS
1. ) The octane number of A gasoline was determined using A mixture of iso-
octane and n-heptane with the same knocking tendency as gasoline. If the liquid
fuel is burned in 30% excess air, with A product gas molal ratio of CO2 to CO of
5:2 and H2 to CO of 1:1, what orsat analysis is expected? Assume an octane
number of 85. Density of iso-octane is 0.6918 and n-heptane is 0.684 g/ml.
CASE I. FUEL ANALYSIS
2. ) An engine burns fuel oil analyzing 88% C and 12% H with air supplied at 21 OC, normal barometric
pressure and 80% RH. The air supplied is less than the theoretical amount required for complete combustion
of the fuel oil; 25% of the C burns to CO, the remainder CO2; O2 is all consumed and the molal ratio of CO
to H2 in the exhaust gas is 3:2. The exhaust gas leaves at 480 OC and 745 mmHg. Calculate:
a) % of the theoretical air that is supplied for combustion
b) m3 air supplied/kg of oil
c) m3 exhaust gas/kg of oil
d.) % of the calorific value of oil (43.616 MJ/kg) lost
as i) unburnt CO in the exhaust
ii) Sensible heat in the exhaust gas
CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
1. ) A furnace is fired with fuel oil containing 86% C. Air is supplied at 25 oC, 740
mmHg. Average analysis of the stack gas shows 12.5% CO2, 5.8% O2, 0.005%
SO2, 0.004% NO and the rest is N2. Assume that all the Nitrogen in the fuel oil
is converted to NO. The stack gas leaves at 1600 oC and 900 mmHg. Calculate:
a) %excess air
b) Complete elemental analysis of the fuel
c) AFR
d) M3 SG/ kg oil
CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
2.) Low blends of biodiesel are highly effective at enhancing the lubricity of diesel fuel. A typical blend, used for
lubricity enhancement is biodiesel (C 20H40O2) mixed with diesel (85%C 15% H). This fuel is burned in excess air
at 30oC, 105 kPa and 90% RH. Exhaust gases are at 300 oC and 110 kPa and analyzes 10.44% CO 2, 1.16% CO,
5.02% O2, 83.38% N2. Find
a.) %excess air
b.) Fuel blend composition (%biodiesel & %diesel)
c.) AFR
d.) Thermal efficiency if the blend has a GCV of 39 MJ/kg assuming that heat loss only occurs from the
formation of CO
CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
3.) A BOILER USES A HIGH GRADE DISTILLATE FUEL OIL WITH A CALORIFIC VALUE
OF 43.38 MJ/KG. ANALYSIS OF THE STACK GASES AT 375 OC AND 765 TORRS SHOWS
9% CO2, 1.21% CO, 0.37% H2, 7.05% O2, AND 82.37% N2. ASSUMING THAT THE FUEL
CONSISTS OF ONLY HYDROCARBONS. CALCULATE
A.) %EXCESS AIR
B.) ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL OIL
CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
4.) A FURNACE IS FIRED WITH FUEL OIL WITH A PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF 7.6% S AND
2.8% N. ORSAT ANALYSIS OF THE STACK GAS SHOWS 9.44% CO2, 1.19% CO, 0.4% SO2,
0.47% H2, 6.8% O2, AND 81.7% N2 AIR IS SUPPLIED AT 23OC, 755 MMHG AND 85% RH.
SATURATION PRESSURE OF WATER AT 23OC IS 21.1 TORRS. CALCULATE:
• %EXCESS AIR
• COMPLETE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL
CASE III. PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS
1.) A low grade fuel oil (CV = 46.4 MJ/kg) containing approximately 81% C, 8% H,
3% O, 4% N, and 4% S is burned in a furnace that is well designed and well operated
giving a combustion gas, the partial orsat analysis of which shows 11.22 % CO 2 AND
1.46% co. The molal ratio of H2 to CO in the combustion gas is 1:5. Calculate:
a.) % x’ss O2
b.) m3 air (30oC, 760 mmHg)/kg fuel oil
c.) m3 stack gas (250oC, 765 mmHg)/kg oil
d.) % CV lost due to CO and H2
CASE III. PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS
2.) Motor Benzole is a mixture of 3 lower aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene,
and xylene in proportions of 75%, 15%, and 10% by weight. Its calorific value is 41.9
MJ/kg. A motor is run using benzole and gives an exhaust gas which analyzes 10.7%
CO2 and 1.07% CO. Calculate:
a.) % x’ss O2
b.) Complete analysis of the exhaust gas
c.) % heat loss due to CO
CASE III. PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS
(SEATWORK)
3.) E10 fuel blend is a blend of 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol and has been
recommended for use as automotive fuel because of its high performance and clean-
burning characteristics. If this fuel is burned in excess air to give an exhaust with a
partial orsat analysis of 12.91% CO2 and 1.43% CO for an AFR of 15.5. Calculate:
a.) Complete composition of E10 if the gasoline is assumed to contain mainly
C and H
b.) % excess air
c.) Complete analysis of the exhaust gas
CASE III. PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS
(ASSIGNMENT)
Biodiesel made from jatropha was found to have a GCV of 39.63 MJ/kg and an
analysis of 14.2% palmitic acid, C16H32O2, 6.9% Stearic acid, C18H36O2, 43.1% Oleic
acid, C18H34O2 and 35.8% linoleic acid, C18H32O2. This fuel is burned in excess air at
32oC and 98 kPa with 75% RH. Partial orsat analysis of the exhaust gas shows 11.63%
CO2, 0.61% CO and 0.92% H2. The exhaust gas leaves at 300oC and 740 mmHg.
Calculate:
a.) AFR
b.) % excess air
c.) Combustion efficiency
