Lecture 4 SP-22(CS/SE/AI)
Introduction to C++
User Inputs & Data Types
Instructor : Ms.Ayesha
11/05/2023 1
Data/Variable Storage
Counting in Binary
Data stored in memory 0 0
1 1
Each memory location has a numerical address
2 10
Each location can store one byte of information
o One byte is 8 bits 3 11
o One bit can store one binary digit (0 or 1) 4 100
o So, a byte can store 28 unique values (256 values) 5 101
6 110
Number of bytes required to store information 7 111
will depend on the type of data being stored 8 1000
… -
255 11111111
Typical data storage by
type
Type # of bytes/bits Data Storage examples
int 4/32 Memory
Type Name value
short 2/16 Address
long 8/64 int n 1000
1001
float 4/32 1002 10
double 8/64 1003
char 1/8 char a 1004 ‘A’
string N/(N*8) string name 1005 ‘J’
1006 ‘O’
bool 1/8 1007 ‘H’
1008 ‘N’
int n=10; bool maybe 1009 true
float x, pi=3.14159; float pi 1010
char a=’A’; 1011
string name=”John”; 1012 3.14159
bool maybe= true; 1013
Variables “under the hood”
For each variable, compiler needs to
keep track of 4 pieces of information: Memory locations
Variable name … ?
Location of data float pi= 3.14159; 0x1000 ?
o Memory address of stored data Variable
0x1001
Name pi
Variable type 0x1002
o How to interpret data Location 0x1001 3.14159
0x1003
o How many bytes? Type float
0x1004
Value 0x1005 ?
o Stored at the memory address
… ?
1001
Variables y 12.5 1002
1003
1004
Temperature 32 1005
1006
Letter 'c' 1007
1008
Number - 1009
variable can hold a number or a data of other
types, it always holds something. A variable has a
name
the data held in variable is called value
variables are implemented as memory locations
and assigned certain memory address. The exact
address depends on computer and compiler.
we think as though the memory locations are
actually labeled with variable names 5
Identifiers
name of a variable (or any other item you define in
program) is called identifier
identifier must start with a letter or underscore
symbol (_), the rest of the characters should be letters,
digits or underscores
the following are valid identifiers:
x x1 x_1 _abc sum RateAveragE
the following are not legal identifiers. Why?
13 3X %change data-1 my.identifier
a(3)
C++ is case sensitive:
MyVar and myvar are different identifiers
6
What Are Good Identifiers?
careful selection of identifiers makes your program clearer
identifiers should be
short enough to be reasonable to type (single word is norm)
o Standard abbreviations are fine (but only standard abbreviations)
long enough to be understandable
two styles of identifiers
C-style - terse, use abbreviations and underscores to separate the words, never use
capital letters for variables
Pascal-style - if multiple words: capitalize, don’t use underscores
o camel Case – variant of Pascal-style with first letter lowercased
pick style and use consistently
ex: Pascal-style C-style Camel Case
Min min min
Temperature temperature temperature
CameraAngle camera_angle cameraAngle
CurrentNumberPoints cur_point_nmbr currentNumberPoints
7
Keywords
keywords are identifiers reserved as part of the language
int, return, float, double
they cannot be used by the programmer to name things
they consist of lowercase letters only
they have special meaning to the compiler
8
Keywords (cont.)
asm do if return typedef
auto double inline short typeid
bool dynamic_cast int signed typename
break delete long sizeof union
case else mutable static unsigned
catch enum namespace static_cast using
char explicit new struct virtual
class extern operator switch void
const false private template volatile
const_cast float protected this wchar_t
continue for public throw while
default friend register true union
delete goto reinterpret_cast try unsigned
9
Variable Declarations
every variable in C++ program needs to be declared
declaration tells the compiler (and eventually the computer) what kind of data is
going to be stored in the variable
the kind of data stored in variable is called it’s type
a variable declaration specifies
type known list of one or
name type more identifiers
declaration syntax:
two commonly used numeric types are:
type id, id, ..., id;
int - whole positive or negative numbers:
1,2, -1,0,-288, etc.
double - positive or negative numbers with fractional part:
1.75, -0.55
example declarations:
int numberOfBars;
double weight, totalWeight;
10
Where to Declare
the variables should be declared as close to the place where they are used as possible.
if the variable will be used in several unrelated locations, declare it at the beginning of the program:
int main() {
right here
note that variable contains a value after it is declared. The value is usually arbitrary
11
Assignment
var = value;
assignment statement is an order to the computer to set the value of the variable on the left hand side of
the equation to what is written on the right hand side
it looks like a math equation, but it is not
Example:
numberOfBars = 37;
totalWeight = oneWeight;
totalWeight = oneWeight * numberOfBars;
numberOfBars = numberOfBars + 3;
12
Output
To do input/output, at the beginning of your program you have to insert
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
C++ uses streams for input an output
stream - is a sequence of data to be read (input stream) or a sequence of data
generated by the program to be output (output stream)
variable values as well as strings of text can be output to the screen using cout
(console output):
cout << numberOfBars;
cout << ”candy bars”;
cout << endl;
<< is called insertion operator, it inserts data into the output stream, anything within
double quotes will be output literally (without changes) - ”candy bars taste
good”
note the space before letter “ c” - the computer does not insert space on its own
keyword endl tells the computer to start the output from the next line
13
More Output
the data in output can be stacked together:
cout << numberOf_Bars << ”candy bars\n”
symbol \n at the end of the string serves the same purpose as endl
arithmetic expressions can be used with the output statement:
cout << “The total cost is $” << (price + tax);
14
Escape Sequences
certain sequences of symbols make special meaning to the computer.
They are called escape sequences
escape sequence starts with a backslash (\). It is actually just one special character.
Useful escape sequences:
o new-line \n
o horizontal tab \t
o alert \a
o backslash \\
o double quote \”
What does this statement print?
cout << ”\” this is a \t very cryptic \” statement \\ \n”;
15
Input
cin - (stands for Console INput) - is used to fill the values of variables with the input
from the user of the program
to use it, you need to add the following to the beginning of your program
using std::cin;
when the program reaches the input statement it just pauses until the user types
something and presses <Enter> key
therefore it is beneficial to precede the input statement with some explanatory output
called prompt:
cout << “Enter the number of candy bars
cout << “and weight in ounces.\n”;
cout << “then press return\n”;
cin >> numberOfBars >> oneWeight;
>> is extraction operator
dialog – collection of program prompts and user responses
note how input statements (similar to output statements) can be stacked
input tokens (numbers in our example) should be separated by (any amount of)
whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines)
the values typed are inserted into variables when <Enter> is pressed, if more values
needed - program waits, if extra typed - they are used in next input statements if needed
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Intro to Visual studio/Dev C++
Installation
Creating a Project
Adding source file
Running the project
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