CHAPTER 1
FUNCTIONS
AND MODELS
CONTENTS
1.1 Four way to represent a function
1.2 Model and Curve Fitting
1.3 New Functions from Old Functions
1.4 Graphing Calculators and Computers
1.5 Exponential Functions
1.6 Inverse Functions and Logarithmic
Functions
1.7 Parametric Curves
1.5 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1.5.1 Exponential functions
1.5.2 Applications of exponential
functions
1.5.3 The number e
1.5.1 Exponential functions
An exponential function is a function of the form
f(x) = ax
where a > 0.
If x = n, a positive interger then
an a
.a.
.a
n f actors
If x = 0, then ax = 1, and if x = –n , where n is a positive
integer then
n 1
a n
a
If if x = p / q, where p and q are intergers and q > 0 then
p
q
a a
x q
( a) p
The graph of 2x for x rational
There are holes in the graph. We want to fill in the holes
by defining f(x)=2x for xR so that f is increasing
For example to define f(a), for a 3 we note that :
1.7 3 1.8 21.7 2 3
21.8 since f is increasing
Similarly we have, by using better approximation for 3
21.7 21.73 21.732 f (a ) and
f (a ) 21.733 21.74 21.8
The sequence 21.7 , 21.73 , 21.732 , … is said to be increasing,
and the sequence 21.8 , 21.74 , 21.733 , … is decreasing
In 2.6 we will prove that both of these sequences
approach the same limit which is real number b
and we define f(a) = b
For example we have the following approximation
correct to six decimal places
2 3
3.321997
Similarly we can define 2x for any x irrational and fill the
gaps in the above graph
The function f(x) = ax, a > 0 may be defined in a similar
manner
If 0<a<1 ax decreases and approaches 0 for x large
If a >1 ax increases and approaches 0 for –x large
0.25x 10x 4x 2x
0.5x 1.5x
1x
Law of Exponents
If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are real
numbers then
x
a
1. a x y a x a y 2. a x y y
a
3. ( a ) a
x y xy
3. (ab) a b
x x x
Example: sketch the graph of f(x) = 3 – 2x, and
determine domain and range of f
Reflecting about x-axis shifting upward by 3
y=2x y=–2x y=3–2 x
domain(f) = R, range (f) = ( - , 3)
Example: graphing f(x) = 2x, and g(x) = x2 and use it
to compare the growth of f and g
y=2x y=2x
y=x2
y=x2
For small x, the graphs intersect 3 times before 2x
runs away from x2.
1.5.2 Applications of Exponential
functions
Consider a population of bacteria in a
homogeneous nutrient medium: the population p(t)
doubles every hour. If p(0)=1000 then:
p(1) = 2p(0) = 2 1000
p(2) = 2p(1) = 22 1000
p(3) = 2p(2) = 23 1000
And in general:
p(t) = 2t 1000 = 1000 2t
The graph below shows that the growth of the bacteria
population is very rapid
Recall that the human population P(t) is given by the
table:
t P(t) t P(t)
1900 1650 1960 3040
1910 1750 1970 3710
1920 1860 1980 4450
1930 2070 1990 5280
1940 2300 2000 6070
1950 2560
Its scatter graph can be fitted by an exponential curve
using exponential regression
Population
7000
6000
5000
4000 P(t)
3000 f(t)
2000
1000
0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
P(t) f(t) = 0.008196783 (1.013723)t
Example: half-life of strontium-90 is 25years
(a) m(0) = 24. Find the mass m(t) after t years
Solution : (a) m(0) 24
1
m(25) .24
2
1
m(50) 2 .24
2
1
m(75) 3 .24
2
It appears that
t
1
m(t ) t
.24 24.2 25
2 25
(b) The mass remains after 40 years:
40
m( 40) 24.2 25
7.9mg
(c)
(c) The mass will be reduced to 5mg after 57 years:
1.5.3 The number e
2x 3x
m0.69 m1.1
The number e is defined by the fact that the slope of
the tangent of the graph of ex at the point (0,1) is 1
e 2.71828
y=3x
y=ex
y=2x
1 x
Example: graph the function y e 1
2
y=e–x y=ex
1 x
y e 1
2
To plot the graph we first reflect the graph of y = ex
about the y-axis, then compress vertically by 2. Finally
we shift downward by 1
Example: find the values of x such that
ex > 1,000,000
Solution: x > 13.8
