PAPER PACKAGING- MANUFACTURING
DR. RENU KHEDKAR
HISTORY OF PAPER
Papermaking traditionally traced to China. Cai Lun, an official with Imperial Court during Han dynasty created a
paper with mulberry and other plant fibers along with fishnets, old rags and hemp waste around 150 BC.
After the defeat of Chinese in Battle of Talas in 751 AD, the technology spread to Middle East, in Samarkand in
Uzbekistan in 751, Baghdad by 793, in Egypt by 900, Morocco by 1100 and then in Europe.
In India, paper making was introduced in eighth century with the conquest of Sind by Arabs. The first paper
industry was developed in Kashmir in 15th century.
The Indian paper industry accounts for about 4% of the world’s production of paper amounting to 18 million
tonnes. The estimated turnover of the industry is INR 70,000 crore.
The per capita paper consumption in India at around 14 kg, is way behind the global average of 57 kg.
.Raw materials are wood, bamboo, recycled fibre, bagasse, wheat straw, rice husk, etc. In terms of share in total
production, approximately 25% are based on wood, 58% on recycled fibre and 17% on agro-residues
PAPER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Wood chipping Stock
pulping preparation
Finishing Paper
Calendaring
making
WOOD CHIPPING
Raw materials: Wood, recycled paper
and agricultural residues such as
bagasse, cereal straws, bamboo, jute,
flax, sisal
PULPING PROCESSES
Semi
Mechanical Chemical
Mechanical
• SGP • Kraft process • CTMP
• TMP • Sulphite • Yield 60-85%
• PGW process
• Yield ≥ 95% • Yield 40-55%
CHEMICAL PULPING
Kraft Process Sulphite Process
Woodchips and chemicals ( NaOH + Na2S ) are Uses different chemicals depending on pH
placed in digester and cooked at high temperatures Cooking liquor consists of free sulphur dioxide
and pressure (160oC and 10 atmospheric pressure) produced by sulphurous acid and buffered with
and separated into cellulosic fibers and lignin bisulphite of Ca, Mg, Na or NH4
Is an alkaline process Produces brighter, softer and weaker pulp as
Yield strongest pulp compared to Kraft process
Colour of pulp is brown
Good chemical recovery
STOCK PREPARATION
Washing: The stock contains impurities, improper sized fractions. It is subjected to washing and screening
Bleaching: The brown pulp after Kraft process is subjected to bleaching with chlorine, hypochlorite , chlorine
dioxide with caustic soda . The ECF ( Elemental Chlorine free) method is preferred to reduce environmental load
Beating: For good quality paper, fiber matting is necessary for uniform sheet. The fibres are subjected to collision
and breaking up resulting in total individualization. Beating is necessary to improve strength and printing
properties
Refining: In refining, through the action of mechanical work , the morphology and physico-chemical structure of
fibres is changed. Causes hydration, fibrillation and trimming . Affects the properties of porosity, density, length,
transparency.
Mixing of additives: Additives such as fillers, pigments, colorants, resins, binding and sizing agents are added to
improve opacity, appearance, water absorption capacity, etc.
PAPER MAKING
Fourdrinier machine is used for paper making. It
consists of three sections: i) Forming section, ii)
Press section and iii) drying section.
Paper slurry containing 0.5-1% fiber is pumped
into a head box from where it moves onto moving
belt. Water is removed by draining and suction. It
is then pressed, heated and dried, forming a
continuous roll which moves through calendaring
rolls to give smoothness
FINISHING, SIZING AND COATING
Finishing, Sizing and coating: After drying and calendaring, the paper can be sized and surface
coated. Common type of sizing consists of pigments and starches. It improves the protection from
liquids, oils, gases and chemicals and also improve the adhesion characteristics.
