OPPOSITIONAL
DEFIANT DISORDER
By Raliya Siddeeque
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a type of behaviour
disorder. It is mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with
ODD are uncooperative, defiant and hostile towards
peers , parents, teachers and other authority figures. They
are more troubling to others than they are to themselves.
Symptoms
1. Anger and irritability
• Loss of their temper
• Frequent outburst of anger and resentment
• Touchy and easily annoyed by others
• Frequently anger or disrespectful
2. Argumative and defient behavior
• Excessively argue with adults
• Activity refuse to comply with request and rules
• Blames others for their own mistakes
• Deliberately try to annoy or upset others
3. Vendicitiveness
• Spiteful and seeking revenge
• Saying mean and hateful things when anger or upset
Diagnostic Criteria
A. A pattern of negativistic, hostile and defieent behaviour lasting at least
6 months duration . During which 4 or more of the following are present
1. Often losses temper
2. Often argue with adults
3. Often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults request or rules
4. Often deliberately annoyed people
5. Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehaviour
6. often touchy or easily annoyed by others
7. Often angry and resentful
8. Often spitful or vindictive
Note : consider a criteria met only if the behavior occurs more
frequently than is typically observed in individual of comparable age
and development level.
B.The disturbance in behaviour causes clinically significant
impairment in social, academic or daily functioning.
C. The behavior do not occur exclusively during cause of a psychotic or
mood disorder.
D. Criteria are not met for conduct disorder and if the individual is age
18 years or older , criteria are not met for antisocial personality disorder.
Causal factors
Researcher believe that the cause of ODD is a complex combination of
biological, genetic and environmental factors.
• Genetic factors
. Genetic account for about 50% of development of ODD . Many children and
teens with ODD have close family members with mental health condition,
including mood disorder, anxiety disorder and personality disorder
• Biological factors
Changes to certain areas of their brain can lead to behavior disorder.
ODD has been linked to issue with certain neurotransmitters, which helps nerve
cells in your brain communicate with others.
If these chemicals are out of balance or not working properly messages might
not make it through your brain correctly leading to symptoms.
• Environmental factors
Having a caotic family life, childhood maltreatment and inconsistent
parenting can all contribute to the development of ODD. Peer rejection,
defient peer group, poverty, neighbourhood violence and other unstable
social or economic factors contribute to the development of ODD.
Epidomology
• It is seenin early childhood and adolescence
• It found such behavior in 16 % to 22% school age children
• Although ODD can begin as early as 3yrs ,it typically is noted by 8
years
• ODD had been reported to occur at rate ranging from 2 to 16
percentage boys before puberty
. And equal sex ratio reported after puberty
Treatment
Treatment for ODD varies based on many factors, including:
Your child’s age.
The severity of their symptoms.
• Your child’s ability to take part in and tolerate specific therapies.
Treatment of ODD should involve your child, your family and their school.
Treatment usually consists of a combination of the following:
Parent management training (PMT).
Psychotherapy (talk therapy).
• School-based interventions.
1. Parent management training for ODD
It teaches parents ways to change their child’s behavior in the home by
using positive reinforcement to decrease unwanted behaviors and promote
healthy behaviors.
2. Psychotherapy for ODD
• CBT
• Family-focused therapy
3.School-based interventions for ODD
Supportive interventions to improve school performance, peer
relationships and problem-solving skills are very useful in the treatment of
ODD.
Thank you
