1

IP Addressing

• IP Addressing is Logical Addressing

• It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)

• Two Versions of Addressing Scheme

• IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing

• IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing

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IP version 4

Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001

• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted

Decimal Notation
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

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IP version 6

• 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,

and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit

hexadecimal number and separated by colons

(Colon-Hex Notation)

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

Taking Example for First Octet :

Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 Total
TotalIPIP Address
Address RangeRange
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 00 .. 00 .. 00 .. 00
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 to
to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

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IP Address Classes

• Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided

into 5 Classes

• CLASS A

• CLASS B LAN & WAN

• CLASS C

• CLASS D Multicasting

• CLASS E Research & Development

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Priority Bit Concept

• To identify the range of each class

a bit called priority bit is used.

• Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet

• CLASS A priority bit is 0

• CLASS B priority bit is 10

• CLASS C priority bit is 110

• CLASS D priority bit is 1110

• CLASS E priority bit is 1111

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CLASS A Range

For Class A range : First bit of the first octet

should be reserved for the priority bit.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 Class AA Range
Class Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
00 .. 00 .. 00 .. 00 to
to
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
127.255.255.255
127.255.255.255
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
Exception
Exception
0.X.X.X and
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
127.X.X.X
network are
network are reserved
reserved

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
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CLASS B Range

For Class B range : First two bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129
Class BB Range
Class Range
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131 128. 00 .. 00 .. 00
128.
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132 to
to
191.255.255.255
191.255.255.255

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
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CLASS C Range

For Class C range : First Three bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193
Class CC Range
Class Range
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195 192. 00 .. 00 .. 00
192.
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196 to
to
223.255.255.255
223.255.255.255

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
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CLASS D Range

For Class D range : First four bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225
Class D
Class DRange
Range
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227 224. 00 .. 00 .. 00
224.
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228 to
to
239.255.255.255
239.255.255.255

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
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CLASS E Range

For Class E range : First four bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241
Class EE Range
Class Range
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243 240. 00 .. 00 .. 00
240.
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244 to
to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
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Octet Format

• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion

• CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H

• CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H

• CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H

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CLASS A – No. Networks & Host

• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H

• Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24

• No. of Networks
= 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
= CLASS AA
128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network) CLASS
= 126 Networks 126 Networks
126 Networks
&
&
• No. of Host
=
16777214 Hosts/Nw
224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID 16777214
Hosts/Nw
& Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network

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CLASS B – No. Networks & Host

• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

• Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16

• No. of Networks
= 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
CLASS BB
CLASS
= 16384 Networks
16384 Networks
16384 Networks
• No. of Host &
&
= 65534
216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID65534 Hosts/Nw
Hosts/Nw
& Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network

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CLASS C – No. Networks & Host

• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

• Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8

• No. of Networks
= 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
CLASS CC
CLASS
= 2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
• No. of Host &&
= 254
28 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID &254 Hosts/Nw
Hosts/Nw
Broadcast ID)
= 256 - 2
= 254 Hosts/Network

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Network & Broadcast Address

• The network address is represented with all bits as

ZERO in the host portion of the address

• The broadcast address is represented with all bits as

ONES in the host portion of the address

• Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address

and the Broadcast Address.

• Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

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Example - Class A

Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0 Network Address
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.3 Valid IP Addresses

10.255.255.254
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
10.255.255.255 Broadcast Address
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Example - Class B

Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111

Class B
Class B
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.0 Network Address
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
172.16.0.3 Valid IP Addresses

172.16.255.254
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255
172.16.255.255 Broadcast Address
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Example - Class C

Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111

Class CC
Class
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0 Network Address
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.3 Valid IP Addresses

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
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Private IP Address

• There are certain addresses in each class of IP

address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses
are called private addresses.

• They can be used for: home & office networks,

networks not connected to Internet.

Class AA
Class
10.0.0.0 to
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
10.255.255.255
Class BB
Class
172.16.0.0 to
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
172.31.255.255
Class CC
Class
192.168.0.0 to
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
192.168.255.255
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Subnet Mask

• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host

Portion

• Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of

Network ID

• Represented with all 1’s in the network portion

and with all 0’s in the host portion.

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Subnet Mask - Examples

Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0

Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0

Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0

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How Subnet Mask Works ?

IP Address : 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0

ANDING PROCESS :

192.168.1.1 =
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 AND TABLE
AND TABLE
A B CC
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
A B
=======================================
00 00 00
192.168.1.0 =
00 11 00
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
11
======================================= 00 00
11 11 11
The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs are 1.
For all other possible inputs the output is 0.
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Subnetting

• Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.

• Converting Host bits to Network Bits

i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s

• Subnetting is also called as FLSM (Fixed Length

Subnet Mask)

• Subnetting can be done in three ways.

– Requirement of Networks
– Requirement of Hosts
– Cisco / Notation

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Scenario

ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC

• Which Class is preffered for the network ?

Answer : Class C.

• In ZOOM Technologies we have Five Departments with 20

Pcs each

ZOOM Technologies – 192.168.1.0/24

– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to
– CISCO 192.168.1.20
192.168.1.21 to 192.168.1.40
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.41 to 192.168.1.60
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.61 to 192.168.1.80
– TRAINING 192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.100
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Scenario (…continued)

• Administrator’s Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?

Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– FIREWALL 192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– SOLARIS 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– TRAINING 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20

• In the above Scenario inter-department

communication is not possible.
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Main Aim of Subnetting

Problem with the previous Scenario is :-

• Loss of bandwidth as the broadcasting is done for

254 machines rather than for 20 machines.

• Wastage of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)

• No Security

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Power table

POWER TABLE
POWER TABLE

21 = 2 29 = 512 217 = 131072 225 = 33554432

22 = 4 210 = 1024 218 = 262144 226 = 67108864

23 = 8 211 = 2048 219 = 524288 227 = 134217728

24 = 16 212 = 4096 220 = 1048576 228 = 268435456

25 = 32 213 = 8192 221 = 2097152 229 = 536870912

26 = 64 214 = 16384 222 = 4194304 230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608 231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

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Some Important Values

VALUES IN
VALUES IN SUBNET
SUBNET MASK
MASK

Bit
Bit Value
Value Mask
Mask

11 128
128 10000000
10000000

22 192
192 11000000
11000000

33 224
224 11100000
11100000

44 240
240 11110000
11110000

55 248
248 11111000
11111000

66 252
252 11111100
11111100

77 254
254 11111110
11111110

88 255
255 11111111
11111111 30
Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2  Req. of Subnet
= 23 – 2  5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 8–2
= 6 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25 – 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet

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HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If Subnet
you Mask
convert 3 = Bits to Network Bits
Host
If you convert 3 Host Bits to Network Bits
255. 255. 255. 224
6 Subnet & 30 Hosts/Subnet
6 Subnet & 30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111. 11111111. 11100000
11111111.
Customize Subnet
Customize Subnet Mask
Mask

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64
12
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.32 to
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.63 MCSE
 MCSE
 ..
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.64 to
to 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.95 CISCO
 CISCO
 . .
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.96 to
to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.127 FIREWALL
 FIREWALL

192.168.1.96 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.159  SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
 SOLARIS
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.160 to
to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.191 TRAINING
 TRAINING

192.168.1.160 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.192 to
to 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.223 Future Use
 Future
 Use
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.255 x 32
Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2  Req. of Subnet
= 24 – 2  14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 – 2
= 14 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 - 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet

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HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If Subnet
you Mask
convert 4 = Bits to Network Bits
Host
If you convert 4 Host Bits to Network Bits
255. 255. 255. 240
14 Subnet & 14 Hosts/Subnet
14 Subnet & 14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111. 11111111. 11110000
11111111.
Customize Subnet
Customize Subnet Mask
Mask

8
64
32
16
12
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.15x
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48
192.168.1.48 to
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
192.168.1.80Valid Subnets

192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255 x 34
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