DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
• Born on August 21, 1919
• Died on February 1999
• Nurse, instructor, assistant professor in pediatric nursing
“All of us, scientist and practicing professionals, must
turn our attention to practice and ask question of that
practice. We must be inquisitive and inquiring, seeking
the fullest and truest possible understanding of the
theoretical and practical problem we encounter.”
DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
• 1938 – Associate degree from Armstrong Junior College,
Savannah, Georgia.
• 1942 – B.S.N. from Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
• 1948 – M.P.H. from Harvard University, Boston, Mass.
Massachusetts.
• Assistant professor of pediatrics at Vanderbilt University.
• Assistant professor of pediatrics nursing, an associate professor
of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of
California.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
• Pediatric nursing advisor for the Christian Medical
School of Nursing in Vellore, South India.
• Chairperson on the California’s Nurses Association
that developed a position statement for
specifications for clinical specialists.
• Publications include four books, more than 30
articles, and many other papers, reports,
proceedings and monographs.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
PERSON
• Having two major systems: the biological system and the behavioral
system.
ENVIRONMENT
• Influence an individual’s behavior
NURSING
• An art and science, which cultivates equilibrium within the individual.
HEALTH
• Elusive state that is affected by social, biological and psychological factors.
• Interaction and interdependence of the subsystem of the behavioral system.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
BEHAVIOR
• The output of the intraorganismic structures and processes as they
are coordinated and articulated by and responsive to changes in
sensory stimulation.
SYSTEM
• Is a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence
of its parts.
BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEM
• Specialized task or functions to achieve the state of equilibrium or
balance to attain health.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
“Behavioral System Model”
1. The Attachment or Affiliative Subsystem
2. The Dependency Subsystem
3.The Ingestive Subsystem
4. The Eliminative Subsystem
5. The Sexual Subsystem
6. The Aggressive Subsystem
7. The Achievement Subsystem
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Relationship”
• Born on September 1, 1909 in Reading, Pennsylvania
• Died on March 17, 1999 in her home in Sherman Oaks,
California after a brief illness at the age of 89.
• Mother of Psychiatric Nursing
• Nurse, psychiatrist, educator, author and theorist
“Human relationship between an individual who is sick, or
in need of health services, and a nurse specially educated
to recognize and to respond to the need for help.”
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Relationship”
• Diploma program in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1931.
• BA in interpersonal psychology - Bennington College in 1943.
• MA in psychiatric nursing from Colombia University New York
in 1947.
• EdD in curriculum development in 1953.
• Published Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952
• 1968: interpersonal techniques- the crux of psychiatric
nursing
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Relationship”
PERSON
• Defines person as a man who is organism that lives in an unstable balance of a given
system.
ENVIRONMENT
•Forces outside the organism and in the context of the socially- approved way of living, from
which vital human social processes are derived such as norms.
NURSING
• Described nursing as a significant, therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions
cooperatively with human processes that present health as a possible goal for individuals.
HEALTH
• Considers “health” as a word that symbolizes movement of the personality and other
ongoing human processes that directs the person towards creative, constructive,
productive and community living.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Relationship”
PHASES OF NURSE PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
1. Orientation
Initial interaction between the nurse and the patient wherein the latter has felt need and
expresses the desire for professional assistance. The nurse help the patient recognize and
understand problem and determine his or her need for help.
2. Identification
The patient identifies with those who can help him or her (relatedness)
3. Exploitation
The patient derives the full value of relationship as he moves on from a dependent role to
an independent one.
4. Resolution
The patient earns independence over his care as he gradually puts aside old goals and
formulate new ones.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Relationship”
NURSING ROLE
Role of the Stranger
Role of the Resource Person
Teaching Role
Leadership Role
Surrogate Role
Counseling Role
IDA JEAN ORLANDO (PELLETIER)
“Nursing Process Theory”
• She was born on August 12, 1926.
• In 1947, she received a diploma in nursing from New York Medical
College.
• She received a BS Public health Nursing from St. John’s University in
Brooklyn, New York in 1951 and MA in mental health consultation from
Columbia University Teachers College in 1954.
She has two published books:
• The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and
Principles of Professional Nursing Practice
• The Discipline and Teaching of Nursing Process: An Evaluative Study
IDA JEAN ORLANDO (PELLETIER)
“Nursing Process Theory”
PERSON
• Assumes that person behaves verbally and non-verbally. She also states that each
patient is unique and individual in his/her response; a professional nurse can recognize
that the same behavior in different patients can signal quite different needs.
ENVIRONMENT
• Orlando does not define environment. She assumes that a nursing situation occurs when
there is a nurse-patient contact and that both nurse and patient perceive, think, feel, and
act in the immediate situation.
NURSING
• Orlando major assumptions about nursing is that it should be a distinct profession that
functions autonomously.
• Orlando states “the function of professional nursing is conceptualized as finding out and
meeting the patient’s immediate need for help”.
IDA JEAN ORLANDO (PELLETIER)
“Nursing Process Theory”
HEALTH
• Orlando does not define health but she assumes that freedom from mental or physical
discomfort and feelings of adequacy and well-being contribute to health.
NURSES RESPONSIBILITY
• It is the nurse’s responsibility to see that “the patient’s needs for help are met, either directly
by her own activity or indirectly by calling in the help of others.
NEED
• Requirement of patient which is supplied, relieves or diminishes his immediate distressor
and improves his immediate sense of adequacy or well-being.
NURSING PROCESS DISCIPLINE
• Includes the nurse communicating to the patient his or her own immediate reaction, clearly
identifying that the item expressed belongs to the nurse, and then asking for validation or
correction.
IDA JEAN ORLANDO (PELLETIER)
“Nursing Process Theory”
Improvement
Automatic Nursing Action
Deliberative Nursing Action
NURSING PROCESS
• Assessment
• Nursing Diagnosis
• Planning
• Intervention
• Evaluation
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
“Human to Human Relationship Model”
• Born on 1926
• Died on 1973
• Nurse, educator and writer.
“It is believed the spiritual values a person holds will determine, to a great extent, his
perception of illness. The spiritual values of the nurse or her philosophical beliefs about
illness and suffering will determine the degree to which he or she will be able to help ill
persons find meaning or no meaning in these situations.”
She has two published books:
• ‘Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing” was published in 1966 and 1971.
• “Intervention in Psychiatric Nursing Process in the One-to-One Relationship” was
published in 1969. It was edited by Doona and published in 1979 as “Travelbee’s
Intervention in Psychiatric Nursing”.
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
“Human to Human Relationship Model”
PERSON
• The term person defined as a human being. Both the nurse and patient are human beings. A
human being is unique, irreplaceable individual who is in the continuous process of becoming,
evolving, and changing.
ENVIRONMENT
• Environment was not clearly defined in Travelbee’s theory. She defined human conditions and life
experiences encountered by all men and sufferings, hope, pain and illness. These conditions are
associated to the environment.
NURSING
• Defines Nursing as an “interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists
an individual, family or community to prevent or cope with the experience of illness and suffering
and if necessary to find meaning in these experiences.”
HEALTH
• She defines health by the criteria of subjective and objective health.
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
“Human to Human Relationship Model”
“The therapeutic use of self is the ability to use one’s personality
consciously and in full awareness in an attempt to establish
relatedness and to structure nursing intervention.”
• ORIGINAL ENCOUNTER
• EMERGING IDENTITIES
• EMPHATY
• SYMPHATY
• RAPPORT
LYDIA E. HALL
“CORE, CARE & CURE”
•She was born in New York City on September 21, 1906.
• She earned her BS and MA degrees from Teachers College, Columbia University in
New York.
• She promoted involvement of the community in health-care issues.
• She derived from her knowledge of psychiatry and nursing experiences in the Loeb
Center the framework she used in formulating her theory of nursing.
The theory contains of three independent and interconnected circles:
• The Core
• The Care
• The Cure
LYDIA E. HALL
“CORE, CARE & CURE”
PERSON
• It is the patient who can achieve the maximal potential through
a learning process; therefore, what they need is teaching.
• Patient is composed of three aspects: the body, pathology and
person.
NURSING
• It is participation in core, care and cure aspects of patient care.
