MODULE 2:
Transportation as a
System and Philippine
Transportation System
TOPICS
1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM
THE PHILIPPINE TRANSPORT
2 SYSTEM
ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
3 IN THE PHILIPINES
SECTOR PERFORMANCE, PROBLEMS
4 AND OPPORTUNITIES
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Transportation system is a system that involves facilities that implements,
coordinates, and unifies the means and equipment necessary for the movement
of passengers or goods. Transportation systems seek to reduce transport costs
and improve delivery times through effective timetabling and route management.
Implementing a transportation system can help in the delivery of goods and
personnel to their destinations in a timely manner. This in turn increases the
efficiency of vehicle use, as the same vehicle can be used for “multi-drop” jobs,
such as bus services or home delivery networks, far more effectively when their
routes are planned rather than being generated on the spot. Periodic re-
evaluations and the development of alternative routes allow for timely changes to
the transportation system in order to maintain efficiency.
COMPONENTS OF A
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
OPERATIONS
VEHICLE GUIDEWAY PLAN
VEHICLE
Vehicles are machines that moves objects or traffic
(people/goods). They may be used in land, water, air, and
even space transportation.
Vehicles used in land transportation may be as small
as bicycle and motorcycles, to large buses, cars, trains,
and trucks. Even heavy equipment used in constructions
like backhoes can be used as means of transportation.
Water and wind transportation use boats, ferries, ships,
overseas and moving cargos, airplanes, helicopters, and
jets, which all transfer both human and products for trade.
There are also vehicles like blimps or hot air balloons and
yachts, which mainly purposed for leisure.
GUIDEWAY
Guideways are an important part of our transportation
systems for the reason that these are where vehicles
move along. The guideway often performs two necessary
tasks at the same time: directional control for the vehicle;
and support to hold the vehicle or material in place.
Guideways are often overlooked because they are
everywhere.
Land guideways are fixed system, often relying on
rails, concrete paths, conveyors, and shafts to guide and
support the vehicles and materials that travel over, on, or
through it. Footpaths, bike paths, hiking trails, and roads
are examples of simple guideways. Highways and
roadways are the most prevalent examples of guideways
since they can be found almost everywhere. Our highway
systems carry enormous amounts of traffic, sometimes
beyond their designed capacity.
OPERATIONS PLAN
The set of procedures by which traffic and vehicles
are moved over the guideway, including schedules or
timetables, crew assignments, and control systems are
called operations plans.
Control systems can be in different forms. They can
be as small as signs, signals, road markings, barriers,
and speed bumps to as big as stations and tollgates. Air
transportation use signals and internal communications
from control towers and a systematic and scheduled time
of departures to avoid conflict midair. Water transportation
has terminals such as ports and harbors, which are serve
as shelter, and/or loading and unloading spots for
shipping boats. Lighthouses can also be an example of
control system as it serves a beacon for navigational aide.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSPORTATION SERVICES
Transportation is necessary for more people from one place to another. In doing
so, however, transportation provides a service, which has some unique
characteristics. The principal characteristics of service may be summarized as
intangibility, inseparability and perishability variability:
1. Intangibility
2. Inseparability
3. Perishability
4. Variability
5. Seasonality and Demand Fluctuations
6. Interdependence of Tourism Products
7. Dominance of External Environment
8. Highly Capital Intensive and Economies of Scale
9. Impact of National and International Regulations
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
PRIVATE
TRANSPORT
Private transport has flexible routes, spaces,
timings. Road-based private transport can further be
classified as Fast, Slow. Fast is the mechanized mode
that includes car, 2 Wheeler, etc. Slow mode is also
called non-mechanized modes such as cycles, animal-
drawn private vehicles.
PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
Public Transportation includes all multiple-
occupancy vehicle services designed to transport
customers on local and regional routes. It is
transportation by van, bus, or rail or other conveyance,
either privately or publicly owned, providing to the
public general or special service.
Any form of transportation that charge set fares, run
fixed routes, and are available to the public. For
Example Bus, Metro, Commuter Rail, Trams, etc.
INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
Para-Transit can be further be classified as IPT (Para-Transit)
Fast, and IPT (Para-Transit) Slow:
• IPT Fast: It is mechanized mode that can be hired and used
on any flexible route, with flexible timings. IPT in certain part of
the city or in some of the cities also run on fixed route. In that
case IPT become the substitute of Public Transport System.
Some of the examples of IPT-fast are auto rickshaw, Jugad
(Modified form of large size auto which is used in Northern part
of India), Taxis, Cabs, e-Rickshaw, etc.
• IPT Slow: It is non-mechanized mode that can be hired and
used on any flexible route, flexible timings. i.e. Cycle Rickshaw,
Hand-pull Rickshaw, Camel Cart, etc. IPT plays a greater role
in small and medium size cities. It meets the mobility
requirements even on network where Bus cannot run due to
non-availability of required Road Space or transport demand
may not justify bus transport.
TOPICS
1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM
THE PHILIPPINE TRANSPORT
2 SYSTEM
ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
3 IN THE PHILIPINES
SECTOR PERFORMANCE, PROBLEMS
4 AND OPPORTUNITIES
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
TRANSPORTATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
BUS OTHER JEEPNEY
TRUCK 8% 4% 19%
11%
TRICYCLE
11%
AUTO- MO-
MOBILE TORCY-
27% CLE
21%
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy, linking population and economic
centers. Philippine transport system consists of road, water, air, and rail transport. The
transport infrastructure has been developed and spread across the country (about 215,000
kilometers of roads, 1,300 public and private ports, and 215 public and private airports).
Improving transport infrastructure is critical for strengthening the investment climate and
enhancing economic growth (V. Dato, 2010).
In 2010, there were 3.48 million motorcycles and tricycles in the Philippines,
corresponding to more than 50% of all vehicles. Of these, 2.84 million are privately owned,
while 0.62 million are for hire, which are mostly tricycles. The rest are owned by the Philippine
government. The number of utility vehicles (UV) is 1.96 million. Of these, 1.71 million are
privately owned while 0.22 million are for hire. Majority of these for-hire UVs are jeepneys
(SNC, 2014). Based on the SNC, the transport subsector contributed 25.93 MtCO2e in the
year 2000.
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
ROADS. As of 2011, the country’s road system comprised about 215,000 km, of
which about 15% were classified as national roads, thereby falling under the
jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The
remaining 85% of the network is defined as local roads and falls under the
jurisdiction of a variety of local government units. As of November 2011, 79% of
national roads and only 18% of local roads were paved with either asphalt or
concrete. The percentage of national roads that are paved has risen only slowly
from 71% in 2001 and remains well below the government’s original target of 95%
by 2010.
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
WATER TRANSPORT. Interisland water transport is a very important subsector of the
national transport system. There are about 1,300 ports, of which about 1,000 are
government-owned and the rest are privately owned and managed. Of the government-
owned ports, about 140 fall under the jurisdiction of the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
and the Cebu Ports Authority; the remainder are the responsibility of other government
agencies or local government units. International cargo and container traffic has grown
steadily in recent years, supported by significant investments in the port of Batangas by
the PPA and in the port of Subic by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority. Despite growth
in both the economy and the population, passenger traffic on domestic interisland
shipping services fell by about 13% between 2003 and 2008. Freight traffic on interisland
shipping services has not grown in line with the economy and now stands at about the
same volume as in the mid-1990s.
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
AIR TRANSPORT. The Philippines has 215 airports, with 84 owned by the
government and the rest by private entities. Among the government-owned
airports, 10 are international, 15 are Principal Class 1, 19 are Principal Class 2,
and 40 are community airports. The busiest airport is Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA) in Manila, with a high volume of aircraft movements and
passengers. Another busy airport is Mactan International Airport in Cebu.
Domestic passenger traffic at NAIA has been growing at about 10% per year since
2000, while domestic freight traffic has increased at a slower rate of about 2.4%
per year. To handle the increasing air traffic, the government plans to develop
Diosdado Macapagal International Airport as an alternative international gateway
for central Luzon, which will require coordination with NAIA's development and
improved land transport connections between the two airports.
PHILIPPINE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL
TRANSPORTATION
Before foreign colonizers arrived, the
Philippines had a well-established transportation
system primarily reliant on water and land.
Indigenous people mainly used "banwa" boats for
fishing and inter-island travel, while "paraw" boats
were common for trade. On land, they employed
"karit" (horse-drawn carts), "sakayan" (horse-
drawn carriages), and "kalanduyan" (long-
distance foot travel) for village-to-town journeys.
Additionally, they utilized "taklong," bamboo rafts,
to transport goods across rivers. In essence, pre-
colonial Philippine transportation revolved around
water and land, powered by humans and animals,
enabling trade, commerce, and daily activities.
COLONIAL ERA
TRANSPORTATION
When the Spanish came to the Philippines in the 16th
century, they changed how people moved around. They
brought big ships called galleons for trade with other Spanish
colonies. They also built roads and bridges that connected
different parts of the Philippines, making travel and trade
easier.
Later, during the American colonial period, transportation
got even better. The Americans introduced new things like
trains and cars, which made traveling and trading much faster.
They also made airports and ports, so moving goods and
people became more efficient.
These new ways of getting around improved transportation
in the Philippines. People could travel easier and move goods
faster, which helped trade and business. But for the indigenous
people, these changes were hard because they had to adjust to
the new transportation the colonizers brought.
WORLD WAR II
TRANSPORTATION
During World War II, the transportation in the
Philippines took a big hit. Japanese bombings wrecked
most roads and bridges, making it hard for people to
travel between cities. Trains, cars, and ships couldn't be
used much due to the war. People had to rely on bikes
and walking to get around.
After the war, they fixed the transportation system.
They brought in buses and jeepneys, and things started
to go back to how they were before the war. But even
then, lots of folks still liked using bikes and jeepneys for
getting around.
POST-WAR
TRANSPORTATION
After World War II, the Philippines saw substantial
advancements in transportation. Investments in
infrastructure, including new roads and bridges,
greatly improved the country's network. Buses,
jeepneys, and tricycles became essential for urban
public transportation. In Metro Manila, the Light Rail
Transit (LRT) and Metro Rail Transit (MRT) systems
enhanced city transport. The development of airports
and seaports improved the movement of people and
goods, while the growing popularity of cars and
motorcycles led to increased traffic and the need for
better traffic management.
CONTEMPORARY
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation in the Philippines is always changing to
keep up with the times. With a growing population, it's
important to find new solutions for current problems. Right
now, the country faces challenges like traffic jams and air
pollution, and there's a high demand for transportation.
The government is taking steps to tackle these issues.
They're building new things like roads, bridges, and better
public transit systems. They're also encouraging people to
use public transport and bikes, and they're looking into
electric and hybrid vehicles. They're even thinking about
smart cities with technology to manage transportation and
reduce traffic in the future.
TOPICS
THE PHILIPPINE TRANSPORT
2 SYSTEM
ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
3 IN THE PHILIPINES
SECTOR PERFORMANCE, PROBLEMS
4 AND OPPORTUNITIES
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The classification of roads in the country is primarily
administrative in nature. That is, the classification is based on
who owns, manages, and have jurisdiction over a road as shown
in Table 1 (DPWH, 2014) and the descriptions in Figure 1.
National roads are owned by the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH) which acts as the primary
engineering arm of the government while local roads are owned
by the specific Local Government Units (LGU) concerned. The
other roads would fall as privately-owned. On the other hand,
expressways are operated and maintained by private companies
for a certain period specified in the concession agreement, after
which, its ownership shall be transferred to the Government of
the Philippines (GoP).
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Figure 1.
TOPICS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
3 IN THE PHILIPINES
SECTOR PERFORMANCE, PROBLEMS
4 AND OPPORTUNITIES
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
The Philippines, with its many islands and growing cities, aims to create a
transportation system that connects the islands efficiently. This is crucial for boosting
the country's economy and making it easier for goods and services to move within
the nation. It's also important for the broader Southeast Asian region, where the
Philippines is located, as it can lead to economic growth, reduced poverty, and
better living conditions, especially on remote islands. The Philippines' approach,
known as the nautical highways model, seeks to establish seamless connections
from north to south across the seas and islands, benefiting neighboring countries by
promoting trade and reducing costs. Additionally, improving urban transport on the
more populous islands is vital for enhancing productivity and meeting the needs of a
growing urban economy.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
The Philippines faces significant challenges in
its transportation sector. In a global ranking, it
was placed 87th for road quality, 94th for
railroads, 112th for airports, and 120th for port
infrastructure in 2012-2013. This poor
performance suggests that the country may
not be an attractive place for investment. The
shortcomings in the transportation system
result in missed economic opportunities, more
pollution, and lower productivity due to
inadequate infrastructure.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
The transport sector in the Philippines faces several interconnected challenges. These
include:
1. Poor road quality
2. Limited coordination between different modes of transport
3. Weak governance and institutional capacity
4. Inadequate urban transport systems
5. Insufficient private investment in transport infrastructure.
Historically, these issues have hindered transportation and economic growth. However,
there is progress in addressing these problems through initiatives like the Strong Republic
Nautical Highways Program, market liberalization, and open skies agreements for
secondary airports. To strengthen the transport sector, it's crucial to secure sustainable
funding, support infrastructure development and maintenance, promote governance
reforms, and encourage private sector involvement.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
ROAD NETWORK QUALITY. In the Philippines, most
people and goods travel on roads, but many of these
roads are in bad shape. This makes traveling on them
more expensive. In 2007, it cost an average of P21.17
per vehicle-km to use these roads, which is 41% higher
than what it should be under ideal conditions (P15.17
per vehicle-km). One reason for the poor road quality is
that the Philippines didn't have enough money for
transportation because of financial problems. Moreover,
from 2000 to 2006, the portion of money spent on
keeping the roads in good condition went down, with
only 19.9% of the total public expenditure on transport
going to operation and maintenance.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
INTERMODAL INTEGRATION. In the Philippines,
they've built roads, ports, and airports, but different
agencies responsible for these don't coordinate. They
also don't work closely with agencies for economic
development. So, they plan for each type of transport
without considering how they all fit together or help
industries like manufacturing, farming, or tourism grow.
This often leads to poor decisions, like building new
ports and airports when improving existing road
connections might have been smarter. This problem
arises because the agencies lack strong planning
abilities and cooperation.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY.
Transport agencies in the Philippines struggle with
tasks like buying things, managing money, checking
quality, and doing internal audits. For example, in
2007, the DPWH, one of the main transport
agencies, could only spend 66% of its budget, even
though they had a lot of expenses. This happened
because they had problems with how they managed
money and bought things. A survey in 2006 found
that out of over 2,800 DPWH projects, 353 had big
issues. They've tried to make project supervision
better, but the projects are still not very good.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
URBAN TRANSPORT. In the Philippines, urban
public transport relies heavily on vehicles like
jeepneys, taxis, tricycles, and pedicabs. However,
many city roads are in poor condition, and planning
and traffic management are insufficient. Traffic
control devices often don't meet standards. Buses
are vital in Metro Manila but not so much in other
cities, and the Light Rail Transit (LRT) mainly serves
Metro Manila and receives subsidies. These issues
contribute to traffic congestion, longer travel times,
missed economic opportunities, and increased air
pollution in many urban areas.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
PRIVATE SECTORE PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE. The
private sector is a major player in providing transport services in the
Philippines, especially in road and aviation. However, its role in
developing transport infrastructure has been inconsistent. Since 1990,
there's been a law allowing private companies to build and operate
infrastructure. Between 1998 and 2007, private sector investment in
transport infrastructure exceeded public sector investment, reaching
about 1.9% of GDP. But recently, private sector investment in transport
infrastructure has been decreasing, both in terms of money and as a
percentage of GDP. Private investments have mainly focused on ports
and roads, with some in railways and aviation. Additionally, the private
sector has played a vital role in driving policy reforms in the transport
sector, supporting initiatives like the development of the ro-ro system
and open skies agreements for secondary airports to become
international gateways.
SECTOR PERFORMANCE,
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Solving transport system problems in the Philippines requires a multifaceted approach involving
various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector entities, and the public. Here are
several ways to address these issues:
1. Invest in Infrastructure: Prioritize funding and investment in the development and maintenance of
transportation infrastructure, including roads, bridges, ports, airports, and public transit systems.
2. Promote Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage private sector participation through
well-structured PPPs to bring in additional funding and expertise for transportation projects.
3. Improve Traffic Management: Implement modern traffic management systems and technologies
to enhance traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve safety.
4. Expand Mass Transit: Invest in the expansion and improvement of mass transit systems in major
urban areas to reduce reliance on private vehicles and alleviate congestion.
5. Streamline Regulations and Policies: Review and update transportation policies and
regulations, streamline bureaucratic processes, and reduce red tape to expedite project approvals
and implementation.
REFERENCES:
• https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-
assessment.pdf
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-luzon-state-university/engineering-economy/
transportation-as-a-system-and-the-philippine-transportation-system/33307229?
fbclid=IwAR2FsccHU2m_h9gl5Z8rtcK98MOMYULcDGCuVm-mAMqPfPilhHcNXUMqwVI
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Road-classification-in-the-Philippines_tbl1_338684955
• https://secret-ph.com/the-evolution-of-transportation-in-the-philippines-a-history/?
fbclid=IwAR3AT30vpZ6tmPCMXjMTiFBEbCXhWfbsSKwNzRyimF05pKlDFBW060n69b4
• https://www.slideshare.net/CherriePangan/the-philippine-transport-system?
fbclid=IwAR0gP2q7KZMR5oVP4JnJU8Um1uXP1Qs4Z_vCQrUcu6iv2bLDmIrpv_ZMT0c
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