EMBRYOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the study of the development of an
individual before birth
The stages:
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Clevage
Differentiation
Organogenesis
The term Embyo is applied to the developing
individual during first eight weeks or two months of
intrauterine life.
The term foetus is applied to the developing
individual from the ninth week or third month of
intrauterine life to the time of birth.
Neonate: a newborn child less than four weeks
old
Spermatogenesis
takes place in seminiferous tubules of testis
maturation of spermtogonia into spermatozoa
The stages of spermatogenesis are
spermatocytosis , meiosis, and
spermiogenesis.
Spermatocytosis
It is the process of formation of Primary spermatocytes
The primordial or primitive cells
Type A spermatogonia
type B spermatogonia 44xy
primary spermatocytes
Meiosis
primary spermatocytes
44xy
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocytes
22x 22y
Meiosis II
22x 22y Spermatids
Spermiogenesis
The process by which the spermatid changes its shape
(Metamorphosis) into spermatozoan is called
spermiogenesis.
last stage of the process called spermatogenesis
organelles are rearranged
The nucleus- Head
The golgi apparatus forms the acrosome
The proximal centriole - the neck & axial filament
Spermiogenesis
The distal centriole – annulus
The annulus is spiraled by the mitochondria.
The axial filament, annulus and mitochondria constitute the
middle piece of the spermatozoa.
The axial filament - principal piece or tail of spermatozoa.
the cytoplasm is shed
the cell membrane forms the covering for the entire
spermatozoan
Spermatozoan
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
The process of maturation and differentiation of primordial
germ cells into oogonia, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes
and to mature ova in the female genital tract.
Occurs in ovarian cortex
Oogenesis
Starts before birth ( 10 week of IUL)
Stops in the middle from birth to puberty
Restarts at Puberty, 11-13yrs
Continues upto menopause, 45-55 yrs
Oogenesis
Various processes in oogenesis are:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Growth of follicles
Maturation and differentiation of follicles
Oogenesis
Before Birth:
Bef0re 3rd month the primordial germs cells undergo mitosis
to form oogonia
Before 7th Month: oogonia divide mototically to result in
formation of Primary oocytes surrounded by a layer of flat
epithelial cells.
Oogenesis
7th Month to Birth:
Primary oocytes enter Prophase I of Meiosis I. further
division is arrested by the Oocyte Maturation
Inhibitor(OMI) factor
Birth to Puberty:
At birth primary oocytes are in Prophase I of Meiosis I.
Instead of entering Metaphase the primary oocytes enter
prolonged resting or diplotene stage
Oogenesis
After Puberty: The first Meiotic division produces two
unequal cells ( 23 chromosomes)
Secondary oocyte
First polar body
Oogenesis
Secondary oocyte immediately enters the second Meiotic
divison.
Meiosis II is arrested in Metaphase II
Ovulation occurs in Metaphase II
Further division occurs if fertilized or is degenerated
Structure of Ovum
Oogenesis
Maturation of Ovum: At the end of Meiosis-I the
primary oocyte divides to form two daughter cells.
As a result, the secondary oocyte with haploid (22 +
X) chromosomes and first polar body are formed.
Both secondary oocyte and the polar body enter
Meiosis II division resulting in formation of one
mature ovum and three polar bodies.
Formation of Zygote
The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II until it is
fertilized. The fertilized secondary oocyte completes Meiosis
II and result in formation of zygote.
So Zygote consists of 23 chromosomes of the Secondary
oocyte and the 23 Chromosomes of the Spermatozoan
There by it attains its diploid number (46) of chromosomes
23
23
Chromozomes
+ chromozomes
of Secondary
oocyte
of the
spermatozoan
= 46 Chromosmal
Zygote
Cleavage/ Segmentation
After fertilization in the fallopian
tube, the zygote begins to divide in
the fallopian tube itself.
Series of consecutive mitotic divisions
to result in the formation of 12 to 16
cells called blastomeres.
Cleavage/ Segmentation
16 cell stage is called morula due to
mulberry-like appearance.
Morula enters the uterine cavity on
third or fourth day from ovulation.
Differentiation
The cells of morula when enter the
uterus are all alike/same.
Now they get differentiated into
trophoblasts and inner cell mass.
The trophoblasts thin out and
adhere to the uterine wall and slowly
form chorionic villi and later
placenta.
Differentiation
The inner cell mass will form
the Embryo itself and also the
other extra embryonic organs-
amnion, yolk sac, allantois
Now the inner cell mass lies
near the trophoblstic cells close
to the uterine wall.
There is a cavity called
blastocyst cavity( Blastocoele)
Bilaminar Embryonic disc
The cells of inner cell mass
on the side of the cavity of the
blastocyst will form
Endoderm
The cells on the side of the
uterine wall where there is a
connection between inner cell
mass and the trophoblastic
cells will form Ectoderm.
Bilaminar Embryonic disc
At this stage there are only
two germ layers, Endoderm
and Ectoderm.
Bilaminar Embryonic disc
At this stage there are only Amniotic Cavity
two germ layers, Endoderm
and Ectoderm.
At this stage there are two
cavities Yolk Sac
On ectodermal side-
Amniotic cavity
On Endodermal side – Yolk
sac
Formation of mesoderm
Later the Endoderm and
ecotoderm are seperated by
formation of primitive streak
and Notochord(Primitive
vertebral column)
The primitve streak forms the
Mesoderm in the gap
between the ecto and
endoderms
Three Germ layers
Now the Embryonic disc is
trilaminar
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm is formed by the
primitive streak that
separates Ectoderm and
Endoderm
organogenesis
The embryonic disc folds by
forming head fold, tail fold
and lateral fold
This results in formation of
embryo.
The tissues and organs are
derived from these three germ
layers.
Though the three layer s are separate, at the head end and
the tail end of the embryo the ecoderm and endoderm come
in contact with each other without mesoderm intervening.
These regions are called stomatodeum at the head end and
the cloacal membrane at the tail end.
Stomatodeum gives rise to the mouth and the cloacal
membrane the anal canal.
The ectoderm will form neural canal along the axis of the
embryonic disc.
at the cephalic end the fore brain, mid brain and hind brain
are formed by the three dilatations.
Formation of Neural canal from ectoderm
The ectoderm will form neural canal along the axis of the
embryonic disc.
at the cephalic end the fore brain, mid brain and hind brain
are formed by the three dilatations.
Fate of mesoderm
The mesoderm divides into the paraxial,
intermediate and lateral plate mesoderms.
The paraxial mesoderm undergoes
segmentation to form 38 somites.
These somites contain, schlerotome, myotome
and dermatome parts.
Schlerotomes gives rise to bone
Myotome to muslces
Dermatome to the skin
Fate of mesoderm
4 to 5 segments of somites around hind brain
will give rise to structures of the head
Intermediate mesoderm will give rise to
nephrotomes – urogenital system
Derivatives of germ layers
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Epidermis of Skin; hair follicles and hairs; nails
Epithelium of sense organs
Retina, lens, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and ducts
Epithelium of membranous labyrinth and external acoustic
meatus
Epithelial lining of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Central and peripheral nervous system, nerve fibres and
neuroglia
Pia and arachnoid maters
Medulla of supra renal gland
Epitheium of lips, cheeks, gums, and hard palate, salivary
glands
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Enamel of teeth
Epithelium of lower 1/3 rd of Anal canal, terminal part of
male urthra, vestibule of vagina and vestibular glands
Plain muscle of iris
Derivatives of Mesoderm
Connective tissue including Bone and Cartilage
Synovial membranes, bursae and tendon sheaths
Serous membranes; pleura, pericardium, peritoneum; tunica
veginalis of testis
Muscle- plain, striated and cardiac
Endothelium of heart, blood vessels and lumph vessels
Derivatives of Mesoderm
Blood and Bone marrow
Lymph tissue: tonsils, lymphnodes and spleen
Parts of eye ball Except Retina lens and conjuctiva
Duramater and microglia
Teeth except Enamel
Cortex of supra renal gland
Derivatives of Endoderm
Epithelium of alimentary tract, tongue and taste buds
Epithelium of glands of alimentary canal except salivary
gland: Liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, pancreas
Epthelium of Thyroid, parathyroids and thymus
Epithelium of respiratory tract except nasal cavity: Naso
pharynx, auditory tube, mastoid antrum,tympanum,
mastoid air cells
Derivatives of Endoderm
Epithelium of urinary bladder, urethra (except terminal part
of male )
Prostate, bulbo-urethral glands, vagina ( Except vestibule of
vegina and vestibular glands.
Points to remember
While trilaminar embryonic disc forms head, tail and
lateral folds
Ecotderm remains out side – skin and its appendages are
derived
Neural tube from which the brain develops is formed by the
ectoderm- so nervous system is derived
Retina is an extension of the brain through optic nerve- so
ectodermal derivative
Orifices of the body like oral cavity , penile part of male
urethra, vagina, lower 1/3 of anal canal – derivatives of
ectoderm
