Unit -1-Practical no-3,4 of
computer networks
Network hardware and IP addressing concept .
IP addressing basics, configuration using CLI, VLSM and FLSM on single router.
Implementation of Star, Mesh, Bus and Hybrid Topology .
What is IP address?
• An IP address is a 32-bit number. It uniquely identifies a host
(computer or other device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP
network.
• Classes of Ip address.
Class A networks use a default subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 and have 0-
127 as their first octet. The address 10.52.36.11 is a class A address. Its
first octet is 10, which is between 0 to 127.
Class B networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 and have
128-191 as their first octet.
Class C networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 and have
192-223 as their first octet..
IP address classes .
Example of Hub in cisco packet tracer which is
connecting with PC, Laptop and Server with
different IP.
What is CLI ? How to use in cisco packet
tracer.
How to configure CLI.
Procedure:
Select the router and Open CLI.
Press ENTER to start configuring Router1.
Type enable to activate the privileged mode.
Type config t(configure terminal) to access the configuration menu.
Configure interfaces of Router1:
By using CLI ( Comand line Interface)
CONFIG and enable a Router .
What is CLI in computer network?
• CLI stands for Command Line Interface. It is a user interface that
allows users to interact with network devices through commands
using only the keyboard. There are many network engineers who
prefer the command line interface because of its faster processing
speed than the graphical user interface.
VLSM and FLSM on single router .
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) is a technique that allows
network administrators to divide an IP address space into subnets of
different sizes, rather than dividing it into subnets of the same size.
VLSM stands for variable length subnet mask is a concept that is used
to divide a network into multiple subnetworks of different lengths.
using a subnetting chart like the one shown in Table 3.0 below. We will use this chart to tackle the above problem
How to solve VLSM problem.
Subnet 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
Host 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Subnet /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31
Mask
/32
Example of VLSM ( Implement the VLSM
with 60 hosts).
Step -1 - See in the table 60 hosts value is not available then we go to 64 host.
Step -2 The value of 64 host is 26 .
Step -3 - Move to third step :
Total bits - Subnetting mask = 32- 26 = 6 bits .
Step -4 – IPv4 is 32 bits .
8 +8+8 + 11000000 = 128 +64 =192.
Step -5 - Find the IP range .
255- 192 = 63.
The network range we can give to network from 0 to 63 .
Network Id =192.168.16.191, Subnet mask = 255.255.255.192.
What is default Gateway? How To give to
PC ?
A default gateway is defined as a intimidator in which the node in a
computer network using the Internet protocol suite that serves as the
forwarding host (router) to other networks when no other route
specification matches the destination IP address of a packet.
How to Perform Subnetting in VLSM ?
In the VLSM How to set Gateway ?
What is FLSM ? Implementation of FLSM
in
CISCO PACKET TRACER .
A fixed-length subnet mask (FLSM) refers to a type of enterprise or
provider networking where a block of IP addresses is divided into
multiple subnets of equal length, i.e. an equal number of IP
addresses.
The use of FLSM saves a router the task of having to handle an entire
IP address, because the router deals only with the digits selected by
the mask. Further, it divides the address space into an adequate
number of subnets and can therefore meet the needs of large LANs.
Implementation of different Topologies
of networking in cisco packet Tracer .
What is Network Topologies ?
• A network topology is define as physical and logical arrangement of
nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers and software
in the networks .
• Network topologies is used for describing the arrangement of
networks and the relative location of traffic flows.
Implementation of Star topology in cisco
packet tracer.
Star topology is a network topology in which each network component is physically connected to a central
node such as a router, hub or switch. In a star topology, the central hub acts like a server and the
connecting nodes act like clients.
Implementation of distributed Star
Topology
in cisco packet Tracer.
What is Tree Topology ?
Tree topology is define as geometrical representation of devices in
a network, that are connected to each other in such a way that, it
forms a tree like structure.
Tree Topology is an classic example of hybrid topology.
Implementation of Tree Topology in cisco
packet Tracer.
By using Router and Switch to create a tree
Topology .
What is Bus Topology?
In the bus topology every computer is linked to a single connection
line or cable through an interface and each computer can directly
communicate with other computer or device in the network.
Implementation of Bus Topology in cisco
Packet Tracer a)Simple Bus Topology, b) Linear
Bus Topology, c)Distributed Bus Topology.
How ring topology works .
Ring topology is a type of network configuration in which each device
on the network is connected to two other devices, forming a “ring.”
Data travels around the ring in one direction only, from device to
device, until it reaches its destination.
Implementation of Ring Topology in Cisco
Packet Tracer.
What is mesh topology?
A mesh topology is a type of computer network in which each node
(computer or other device) is connected to every other node in the
network.
This type of network is often used in large organisations or companies
because it can handle a large amount of data traffic and can be easily
expanded.
Implementation of Mesh Topology .
A) Full Mesh Topology B) Partial Mesh Topology
What is Hybrid Topology?
Hybrid topology is a type of network topology in which two or more
different topologies are integrated or combined to lay out a network.
A hybrid topology is a kind of network topology that is a combination
of two or more network topologies, such as mesh topology, bus
topology, and ring topology. Its usage and choice are dependent on its
deployments and requirements like the performance of the desired
network, and the number of computers, their location.
Implementation of Hybrid Topology with the
combination of Full mesh topology and Star Topology in
cisco packet Tracer.
