PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

Presented by

Shankaregowda
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MIT Mysore
 DESIGN OF SOIL AGGREGATE MIXES
BY ROTHFUTCH’S METHOD
• This method is used when a number of materials
have to be mixed together for obtaining a desired or
design gradation.
• The desired gradation may be decided either based
on recommended grain size distribution charts or
tables or using the Fuller’s equation.
P= 100 (d/D)˄n
 ROTHFUTCH’S METHOD
• On a graph paper, with Y-axis representing percent passing and
X-axis representing particle size a diagonal line is drawn from
point corresponding to (100 percent passing, maximum particle
size of the material) to a point corresponding to (zero percent
passing, smallest particle size of the materials).
• The different particle sizes are marked on X-axis corresponding
to the mean values of percentage finer taken on the Y-axis.
• For different materials say A, B and C, sieve analysis has to be
done and percentage finer has to be calculated for each range of
particle size for all the materials and grain size distribution
curves of these three materials are plotted and the balancing
straight lines of A, B and C are obtained, allowing only minimum
of the areas on either sides of the balancing lines.
 ROTHFUTCH’S METHOD
• The opposite ends of the balancing straight lines of A
and B are joined. Similarly the opposite ends of
balancing lines of B and C are joined.
• The points where these lines meet the desired
gradation line represent the proportion in which the
materials A, B and C are to be mixed. These values
may be read from the Y-axis by projecting the points
of intersection
ROTHFUTCH’S METHOD
 BITUMINOUS MIX
Desirable Properties
Desirable properties of a good bituminous mix are:
• Stability
• Durability
• Flexibility
• Skid resistance
• Workability
 BITUMINOUS MIX

• Stability to meet traffic demand

• Bitumen content to ensure proper binding and
water proofing
• Voids to accommodate compaction due to traffic
• Flexibility to meet traffic loads, especially in cold
season
• Sufficient workability for construction
• Economical mix
 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE FOR PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION

Properties of Cement Concrete in Plastic State

1. Essential Qualities :
• The quality of the hardened concrete is largely dependent on the
quality of the plastic concrete.
• The curing process also contributes to attainment of the specified
design criteria. 
• Plastic concrete should be workable, free from segregation of the
coarse aggregate, and of uniform quality.
2. Workability:
• The consistency of the mixture shall be maintained as necessary
to obtain the workability required for the specific conditions and
method of placement.
 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
FOR PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
3. No Segregation:
• Plastic concrete should, be handled and placed so that it is
free from segregation of the coarse aggregate and
completely homogeneous.
• To prevent segregation, the plastic concrete should not be
dropped, or allowed to fall free, for a distance greater than
3 to 5 feet
4. Uniformity:
• For uniformity of the mix, every batch should be
accurately proportioned in accordance with design criteria.
• Uniformity increases the economy of the mix and
improves the quality of the hardened concrete.
 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
FOR PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Properties of Cement Concrete in Hardened State
1. Essential Qualities:
• Essential qualities of hardened concrete in pavement are uniform flexural
strength and durability.
2. Strength:
• Concrete pavements must have sufficient flexural strength to carry the required
load.
• To attain the desired strength, the most important factor is the ratio of water to
cement.
3. Durability:
• Durability of finished concrete is the ability of the artificial stone to resist the
effects of the weather, such as the action of the wind, frost, snow, ice and the
combined effects of wetting-drying and freezing-thawing cycles; the chemical
reaction of soils or the effects of salts; and abrasion.
• Durability is affected by climate, thickness of pavement and exposure.
 EARTHWORK

• The subgrade soil is prepared by bringing is to

the desired grade and camber and by
compacting adequately.
• The subgrade may be either in embankment or
in cutting, depending on the topography and
finalized vertical alignment of the road to be
constructed.
 EARTHWORK
Cutting:
• The cutting is needed in soil, soft rock or even in hard rock, before
preparing the subgrade.
• The selection of excavation equipment and the cost analysis is made
based on the stiffness of the materials to be excavated.
• Earth excavation work may be divided as excavation, grading and
compaction.
• The depth of the excavation is decided based on the requirement of
the vertical profile of the road.
• The slope to be provided is governed by the type of soil and the
depth of cutting.
• The excavation equipments commonly used in highway projects
include Bull Dozers, Scrapers, Power shovels, draglines,
Clamshells and Hoes.
CUTTING
 EARTHWORK
Embankment:
• When it is required to raise the grade line of a highway
above existing ground level it becomes necessary to
construct embankments.
• The grade line may be raised due to any f the following
reasons:
a. To keep the subgrade above the high ground water table.
b. To prevent damage to pavement due to surface water
and capillary water.
c. To maintain the design standards of the highway with
respect to the Vertical alignment.
 EARTHWORK
The design elements in highway embankment are:
• Height
• Fill Material
• Settlement
• Stability of Foundation
• Stability of Slopes
 EARTHWORK
Height:
• The height of the embankment depends on the desired grade
line of the highway and the soil profile or topography.
• Also the height of the fill is some times governed by stability
of foundation, particularly when the foundation soil is week.
Fill Material:
• Granular soil is generally preferred as highway embankment
material.
• Silts and Clays are considered as less desirable.
• Organic soils, particularly peat are unsuitable.
• When the foundation soil is week , a light weight fill material
like Cinder may be used to reduce the weight.
 EARTHWORK
Settlement:
• The embankment may be settle after the completion f
construction either due to consolidation and settlement
of foundation or due to settlement of the fill or due to
both.
Stability of Foundation:
• It is essential to consider the stability of the foundation
against a failure when the embankment foundation
consists of weak soil just beneath or at a certain depth
below in the form of a weak stratum.
 EARTHWORK
Stability of Slopes:
• The embankment slopes should be stable enough
to eliminate the possibility of a failure under
adverse moisture and other conditions.
• The slope should be designed providing
minimum factor of safety of 1.5.
• Often much flatter slopes are preferred in
highway embankments due to aesthetic and other
reasons.
CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT
• The embankment may be constructed either by rolling in
relatively thin layers or by hydraulic fills.
• The former is called rolled earth method and is preferred in
highway embankments.
• Each layer is compacted by rolling to a satisfactory degree of
to a desired density before the next layer is placed.
• Compaction is carried out at optimum moisture content so as
to take advantages of maximum dry density using a specified
compacting effort and equipment.
• The thickness of the layers may vary between 10 to 30cm
depending on various factors such as soil type, equipment,
specifications etc.
EMBANKMENT
 PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
 Preparation of Subgrade Includes:
• Site Clearance
• Grading (Embankment or Cut Section)
• Compaction
 The subgrade may be situated on embankment or cutting or at the
existing ground surface.
 In all the cases, site should be cleared off and the top soil
consisting of grass, roots rubbish and other organic matter are to
be removed.
 Next, the grading operation is started so as to bring the vertical
profile of subgrade to designed grade and camber.
 It is most essential to compact the top of subgrade, upto a depth
of about adequately before placing the pavement layer.
SITE CLEARANCE
GRADING OPERATION
COMPACTION OF SUBGRADE
 GRANULAR SUB BASE (GSB)
Specifications:
 Materials:
• The material to be used for the work shall be
natural sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stone, or
combination there of depending upon the grading
required.
• The material shall be free from organic or other
deleterious constituents and conform to one of the
three gradings given in table .
 GRADING FOR GSB
IS Sieve Percent by Weight Passing the IS Sieve
Designation Grading- I Grading -II Grading-III
75 mm 100 - -
53 mm 80-100 100 -
26.5 mm 55-90 70-100 100
9.5 mm 35-65 50-80 65-95
4.75 mm 25-55 40-65 50-80
2.36 mm 20-40 30-50 40-65
0.425 mm 10-25 15-25 20-35
0.075 mm 3-10 3-10 3-10
CBR Value 30 25 20
(Minimum in %)
 GRANULAR SUB BASE (GSB)
 Physical requirements:
• The material shall have a 10 per cent fines value of 50 kN or
more (for sample in soaked condition) when tested in
compliance with BS :812 (Part III) .
• The water absorption value of the coarse aggregate shall be
determined as per IS : 2386 (Part 3); if this value is greater
than 2 per cent, the soundness test shall be carried out on the
material delivered to site as per IS : 383.
• For Grading II and III materials, the CBR shall be determined
at the density and moisture content likely to be developed in
equilibrium conditions which be taken as being the density
relating to a uniform air voids content of 5 percent.
 GRANULAR SUB BASE (GSB)
Construction Operations:
 Preparation of Subgrade:
• Immediately prior to the laying of sub-base, the shall be prepared by removing all
vegetation and other extraneous matter, lightly sprinkled with water if necessary
and rolled with two passes of 80-100 kN smooth wheeled roller.
 Spreading and Compacting:
• The sub-base material of grading specified in the contract shall be spread on the
prepared subgrade with the help of a motor grader of adequate capacity.
• Mixing shall be done mechanically by the mix-in-place method.
• The equipment used for mix-in-place construction shall be a rotavator or similar
approved equipment capable of mixing the material to the desired degree.
• Moisture content of the loose material shall be checked in accordance with IS :
2720 (Part 2) and suitably by sprinkling additional water from a truck mounted or
trailer mounted water tank .
• Immediately thereafter, rolling shall start.
• Rolling shall be continued till the density achieved is at least 98 percent of the
maximum dry density for the material determined as per IS : 2720 (Part 8).
PREPARED SUBGRADE
GSB MATERIAL
MIXING SPREADED GSB MATERIAL BY
ROTAVATOR
COMPACTION OF MIXED GSB
MATERIAL
 WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM)
BASE
Specifications:
a) Physical requirements of aggregates – Coarse aggregates shall
be crushed stone & it should conform to the physical
requirements said in Table.
Sl. No. Property Requirements
1 Los Angeles 50% (Max)
Abrasion Value
2 Aggregate Impact 40% (Max)
Value
3 Flakiness Index 15% (Max)
If the water absorption value of aggregates is greater than 2%,
soundness test is carried out.
 WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM) BASE
b) Grading Requirements of Course Aggregates:
Grading No. Size Range, mm Sieve Size, mm Percent Passing
the Sieve
1 90 to 40 100 100
80 65-85
63 25-60
40 0-15
20 0-5
2 80 100
63 90-100
• 50 30-70
63 to 40 40 0-15
20 0-5
3 63 100
50 95-100
50 to 20
40 35-70
20 0-10
10 0-5
WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM)
BASE
c) Grading Requirements of Screenings:
Classification Size of Sieve Size, mm Percent Passing
Grading Screenings, mm the Sieve, by
Weight
12.5 100

A 12.5 10.0 90-100

4.75 10-30
0.15 0-8
10.0 100

B 10.0 4.75 85-100

0.15 10-30
 WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM)
BASE
Construction Procedure:
• Preparation of foundation for receiving the WBM
course
• Provision of lateral confinement
• Spreading of curse aggregates
• Rolling
• Application of Screenings
• Sprinkling and Grouting
• Application of Binding Material.
• Setting and Drying.
WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM)
BASE
SCREENINGS
SPRINKLING OF WATER
APPLICATION OF BINDING MATERIAL
 WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) BASE
Specifications:
a) Physical requirements of aggregates – Coarse aggregates shall
be crushed stone & it should conform to the physical
requirements said in table.
Sl. No. Property Requirements
1 Los Angeles 40% (Max)
Abrasion Value
2 Aggregate Impact 30% (Max)
Value
3 Combined 30% (Max)
Flakiness and
Elongation Indices

If the water absorption value of aggregates is greater than 2%,

soundness test is carried out.
WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) BASE
b) Grading Requirements:
IS Sieve Designation % by Weight Passing the IS
Sieve
53 mm 100

45 mm 95-100

26.5 mm -

22.4 mm 60-80

11.2 mm 40-60

4.75 mm 25-40

2.36 mm 15-30

0.6 mm 8-2

0.075 mm 0-8
WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) BASE
Construction Procedure:
• Preparation of foundation for receiving the WMM
course
• Provision of lateral confinement of Aggregates
• Preparation of Mix
• Spreading of Mix
• Compaction
• Setting and Drying
• Open to Traffic
WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) BASE
WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) BASE
THANK YOU