Thermodynamics
ME-204
Chapter 7 - Entropy
From the Cengel/Boles Textbook.
For Further reading, go over Sections 7-1 to 7-5 ; 7-7
and Isentropic Processes, in Section 7-9
BBC Order And Disorder, Presented by Professor Jim Al-
Khalili
[Link]
UC Irvine OpenCourseWare - MAE 91
(Lectures 11 to 15)
[Link]
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Clausius Inequality
• Consider a system consisting of
2 parts
• Reversible Cyclic Device
(Heat Engine)
• Piston Cylinder Device
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• Consider an energy balance for
the entire (combined) system
Ein – Eexit = ∆Ec
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• If the heat engine is completely reversible
We can deduce that for a
Carnot Engine Heat Transfer
Ratio is equivalent to the
Absolute Temperature Ratio
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• It means that we can re-write the
energy balance and solve for the
net work, Wc (the work of the
combined system)
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• So, for the total net work, Wc, we
need to integrate over time
Energy
change for
any cycle
is 0
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• But we know that it is impossible for a
system to exchange heat with only one
reservoir and produce Wc
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• Since TR is always positive…
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
For reversible case, inequality = 0
For the irreversible case, inequality < 0
Clausius Inequality (contd…)
• Now we know,
A quantity is a
property if the
change in the values
between two states
• And, we can define Entropy as: is independent of
the process
Where the subscript int rev implies that we are talking
about an internally reversible process
• Entropy is the property of a system. It is a state
variable, just like enthalpy or internal energy.
Entropy change between 2 specific states
• Entropy change between two
specific states is the same
whether the process is
reversible or irreversible
Increase in Entropy Principle
• Consider a cycle composed of 2
processes
(1)Arbitrary (reversible/irreversible)
(2) Reversible
• From Clausius inequality
Increase in Entropy Principle
(contd…)
• So the definition of change in entropy becomes…
where, the equality holds for internally reversible
processes
where, the inequality holds for irreversible processes
Increase in Entropy Principle
(contd…)
• What if the process is NOT
reversible?
Entropy change is greater than the integral, i.e., some
entropy is generated / created during an irreversible process
• This inequality can be converted to equality by adding
some positive term on the RHS,
Always +ve or 0
Depends on the process
Increase in Entropy Principle (contd…)
• Consider an ISOLATED system (Adiabatic closed
system)
• So, ∆S ≥ 0 ENTROPY OF AN ISOLATED SYSTEM
ALWAYS INCREASES
• ∆S = 0 For a reversible case
INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Increase in Entropy Principle (contd…)
• What kind of things cause a system to be irreversible?
• Friction
• Unrestrained gas expansion ENTROPY IS
• Mixing of two fluids GENERATED
• Heat Transfer
Entropy Generation
• Entropy generation (Sgen ) is associated with the
irreversibility during a process
• Sgen helps us to establish the possibility of a process to
occur, such that:
• Sgen = 0 means that process is reversible
• Sgen > 0 means that process is irreversible and possible
• Sgen < 0 means that process is not possible
Entropy Generation (contd…)
• If it is reversible, adiabatic ∆S = 0
• If it is reversible, isothermal heat transfer,
• If it is not an ideal gas, just look up in the property tables
Entropy Generation (contd…)
• Some Remarks about Entropy !!!
• Processes can occur in a certain direction only (not in any
direction) such that
• Entropy is a non-conserved property, and there is no such
thing as conservation of entropy principle
• The Entropy of the universe is continuously increasing
• The performance of engineering systems is degraded by
the presence of irreversibility, and the entropy generation
is a measure of the magnitude of irreversibility present
during a process
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
• T-s Diagram
• Value of Entropy at
any state is determined
just like any other
property
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
• T-s Diagram
• Entropy of a pure
substance is
determined from the
tables just like any
other property
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
• Isentropic Processes
• The Entropy of a fixed mass can be changed by:
Heat Transfer
Irreversibilities
• If the entropy doesn’t change ISENTROPIC process
• The entropy of the system DOESN’T change:
• In the absence of Heat Transfer (Adiabatic Process)
• In the absence of Irreversibilities (Reversible Process)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
• Isentropic Processes (contd…)
The process which is both
Reversible and Adiabatic is
ISENTROPIC
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
• Engineering Devices
Many devices are essentially
ADIABATIC Why?
1. They perform best when
irreversibilities are eliminated
2. Isentropic model serves as an
idealization of a real process
3. These devices work best when they are isentropic
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
• The assumption that a process
is isentropic gives us a connection
between the inlet and outlet
conditions – just like assuming
constant volume or constant
pressure.
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
(contd…)
So the area under the curve
represents heat transfer in an
internally reversible process.
This area has no meaning for
IRRVERSIBLE processes
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
The T ds Equations
Apply the 1st Law to a control mass for an internally reversible process:
These are the two equations. They are
independent of the process, because these
equations only contain state variables
Isentropic Processes
Incompressible Fluid
For an isentropic process on a incompressible fluid,
and is a constant:
Examples
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Isentropic Processes
Ideal Gas
For an isentropic process an ideal gas,
Assuming constant specific heats. Using the ideal gas
law and the definition of
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Using the ideal gas law, and with a bit of manipulations, we can also get:
Less ‘popular’ results from the Tds equations
1. Incompressible Liquids and Solids:
• Since
• Using
• If
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Less ‘popular’ results from the Tds equations
2. Back to ideal gases:
• Using (using and
• Alternatively, using
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Less ‘popular’ results from the Tds equations
Using constant values for
• Alternatively:
• This may be expressed in unit-mole basis as well:
• Using leads to the isentropic equations studied
earlier
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Variable specific heats
• More processes in which temperature changes are
significant, it’s a bit unrealistic to assume and will be
constant. We still don’t want to calculate these weird
integrals, every time we want to solve things:
• To make our lives easier, the integrals are available in
the Table A-22, using a new function , defined as:
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Variable specific heats in an isentropic process
Using the definition of :
For an isentropic process:
Derivations will not be included in the exams. They are shown for completeness only.
Variable specific heats in an isentropic process
Defining “relative pressure”,
Relative pressure is also tabulated in Table A-22, to
make calculations easier.
“Relative volume”, is defined in a similar way:
This is also available in A-22. You don’t necessarily need
to use all of these.
• As discussed, devices such as pumps, compressors,
nozzles and turbines work best when they are
isentropic. So it’s natural to compare their actual
performance to the performance of an isentropic
device
Isentropic efficiency
• The isentropic efficiency of a compressor is defined as
the ratio of the work input required to raise the
pressure of a gas to a specified value in an isentropic
manner to the actual work input:
• For a Turbine:
(using subscript ‘s’ for isentropic and ‘a’ for actual)
______
For isentropic process
For isentropic process
Power output is 14.4 MW
Topics from the Cengel/Boles textbook
that are not included in the course:
• Section 7-6 on “What is Entropy”
• Section 7-13 on “Entropy Generation”
The following sections are “not necessary”:
• Section 7-10 on “Reversible Steady flow work”
• Section 7-11 on “Minimizing the compressor work”
Formula Sheet
Isentropic process- Ideal Gas, constant specific heats:
Change in entropy (under different circumstances), will
provided only if needed
