CHAPTER 3:

FUNDAMENTALS
OF C LANGUAGE

DEC2012

Sesi Dis 2014

CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF C
LANGUAGE
3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.
3.1.1. List the items in C Character set.
3.1.2. Identify the data types available in C.
3.1.3. Recognize keywords in C.

3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

3.2.1. Explain the structure of C Programs.
3.2.2. Explain the structure of a function in the main function.
3.2.3. Explain valid identifiers.
3.2.4. Differentiate constants and variables in C.
3.2.5. Explain the input/output statement.
3.2.6. Explain the following types of Operators.
a. Assignment operators.
b. Mathematical operators.
c. Relational operators.
d. Logical operators.
e. Unary operators.

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CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF C
LANGUAGE
3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.
3.3.1. Construct a simple C Program.
3.3.2. Compile and execute programs.
3.3.3. Use input statements in C Program.
3.3.4. Apply output statements in simple C Program.
3.3.5. Display the output in the specified format.
3.3.6. Apply calculations by using operators and expressions.
3.3.7. Implements mathematical calculations in simple C Program.
3.3.8. Implements mathematical calculations using the function in the main function.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables
– A variable is just a named area of storage
that can hold a single value (numeric or
character).
– they represent some unknown.
– Programming language C has two main
variable types
• Local Variables
• Global Variables

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 Example: Local vs. Global

#include<stdio.h>
void print_number(void);
p is declared outside of all
int p; functions. So, it is a global
variable.
void main (void)
{
int q = 5; q is declared inside the
printf(“q=%d”, q); function main. So, it is a
local
p=10;
variable to the function.
print_number();
}
p can be used anywhere
void print_number(void)
{
printf(“%d”,p); Error! q can only be used in
the function main, because it
q = q + 5;
is a local variable 5
}
 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables a variable must

be declared
before it can be
used !!

This is
Variable.!!

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Constants:
– the values that never change,
– Constants can be very useful in C
programming whenever you have any value
that is repeated in your program.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables and Constants

– name/identifier can be declared
with constant,

This is
Variable.!!
and it can be
declared with
constant…

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Rules for Variables & Constants

– may be given representations containing
multiple characters. But there are rules for
these representations..
• May only consist of letters, digits, and
underscores
• May be as long as you like, but only the first 31
characters are significant
• May not begin with a number
• May not be a C reserved word (keyword)

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Rules for Variables & Constants

• May only consist combination of letters,
digits, and underscores
• May be as long as you like, but only the first 31
characters are significant

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Rules for Variables & Constants

• May not begin with a number
• May not be a C reserved word (keyword)

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Rules for Variables & Constants

– To declare a variable means to create a
memory space for the variable depending
on the data type used and associate the
memory location with the variable name.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Rules for Variables & Constants

– The shortest variable name is a letter of
the alphabet.
– Variables are typically in lowercase. (All of C is
lowercase for the most part.) They can
contain letters and numbers.
– AGAIN!!..You should not begin a variable
name with a number. They can contain
numbers, but you begin it with a letter.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

If all value is integer??

If all value is floating point??

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• refers to where variables can be

referenced.

• Global Scope
o outside any functions.
o can be used by later
blocks of code:

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Local Scope
o inside any functions.
o can be used only in blocks of code:

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

If all value is integer??

If all value is floating point??

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Variables & Constants understanding..

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Keywords in C Programming Language :

o Keywords are those words whose meaning is
already defined by Compiler
o Cannot be used as Variable Name
o There are 32 Keywords in C
o C Keywords are also called as Reserved
words

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• Use keywords in programmes.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Exercise: determine the variables &

constants

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• List the basic data types in C.

• A program usually contains different types
of data types (integer, float, character etc.)
and need to store the values being used in
the program.

• C language is rich of data types. A C

programmer has to employ proper data type
as per his/her requirements. C language
provides various data types for holding
different kinds of values.
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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• C language provides various data types

for holding different kinds of values.

• There are several integer data types, a

character data type, floating point
data types for holding real numbers and
more.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

• C has a concept of 'data types' which are used to

define a variable before its use. The definition of a
variable will assign storage for the variable and define
the type of data that will be held in the location.

• C has different data types for different types of data and

can be broadly classified as:

 Primary Data Types

 Secondary Data Types

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Primary Data Types

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Secondary Data Types

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Integer types
•C provides several standard integer types,
from small magnitude to large magnitude
numbers: char, short int, int, long int, long
long int.

•Each type can be signed or unsigned.

Signed types can represent positive and
negative numbers while unsigned can
represent zero and positive numbers.
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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Integer types
• C provides several standard integer types,
from small magnitude to large magnitude
numbers:
•short int; int; long int; long long int;

1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 Byte

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sesi Dis 2014 8 Bits
 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Numeric: Integer types

Generally an integer (int) occupies 2 bytes
memory space and its value range limited to
-32768 to +32767 (that is, -215 to +215-1). A
signed integer use one bit for storing sign
and rest 15 bits for number.

2 Bytes memory
Signed FFFF HEX = -32768 to 32767 DECIMAL
Unsigned FFF HEX = 0 - 65535 DECIMAL

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Integer types
signed short int

short int

long short int

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Integer types

Syntax:
int <variable name>;

int num1;
short int num2;
long int num3;
Example: 5, 6, 100, 2500.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Numeric: Floating point types

•The float data type is used to store fractional
numbers (real numbers) with 6 digits of
precision. Floating point numbers are denoted by
the keyword float.(eg. 0.000001)
•When the accuracy of the floating point number is
insufficient, we can use the double to define the
number. The double is same as float but with
longer precision and takes double space (8 bytes)
than float.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Numeric: Floating point types

•To extend the precision further we can use
long double which occupies 10 bytes of
memory space.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Numeric: Floating point types

Syntax: float <variable name>; like

float num1;
double num2;
long double num3;

Example: 9.125, 3.1254.

Floating Point Data Type Memory Allocation

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Character:
•Character type variable can hold a single
character. As there are singed and unsigned
int (either short or long), in the same way
there are signed and unsigned chars;

•Both occupy 1 byte each, but having

different ranges. Unsigned characters have
values between 0 and 255, signed
characters have values from –128 to 127.
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Sesi Dis 2014
 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Character:

Syntax: char <variable name>; like

char ch = ‘a’;

Example: a, b, g, S, j.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

String:
•A string in C is an array of char values
terminated by a special null character value
'\0'. For example, here is a statically
declared string that is initialized to “bye":
char str[4]; // need space for chars in str, plus for
terminating '\0' char
str[0] = ‘b';
str[1] = ‘y';
str[2] = ‘e';
str[3] = '\0';
printf("%s\n", str); // prints bye to stdout
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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Exercise:
Determine what types of data to used if the given number is?
Question: Question:
Number is Answer is
234 int
23.122 float
2 int
‘a’ char
“Dad” char/string
2314.1121231 double

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 3.1. Know the Variables, Constants and Data Types.

Exercise 1
Fahrul has 3 packets of sugar weighing 2.6 kg each. If she gives
2.6 kg to her mother and 1.1 kg to her brother, how much sugar
does she have left?
What is the data types? float

Exercise 2
A box contains 108 oranges. SMK Pulau Nyior receives 8 such
boxes to be distributed evenly to 16 classes. How many oranges
would each class get?
What is the data types? int

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Evolved by Ritchie from two

previous programming
languages, BCPL and B
• Used to develop UNIX
• Used to write modern
operating systems
• Hardware independent
(portable)
• By late 1970's C had evolved
to "Traditional C"

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Six (6) phase of C

development
environment:
1. Editor
2. Preprocessor
3. Compiler
4. Linker
5. Loader
6. CPU

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Six (6) phase of C development environment:

1. Editor - Software packages for the C/C++ integrated program
development environments such as Microsoft Visual Studio have
editors that are integrated into the programming environment.
C program file names should end with the .c extension.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Six (6) phase of C development environment:

2. Preprocessor
• In a C system, a preprocessor program executes
automatically before the compiler’s translation phase
begins.
• commands called preprocessor directives, which
indicate that certain manipulations are to be
performed on the program before compilation.
3. Compiler
• the compiler translates the C program into machine-
language code. (High language → Machine language)

Sesi Dis 2014

 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Six (6) phase of C development environment:

4. Linker
• contain references to functions defined elsewhere,
such as in the standard libraries (e.g <stdio.h>) or in
the private libraries of groups of programmers
working on a particular project.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Six (6) phase of C development environment:

5. Loading
• Before a program can be executed, the program
must first be placed in memory. This is done by
the loader, which takes the executable ‘image’ from
disk and transfers it to memory. Additional
components from shared libraries that support the
program are also loaded (if).
6. CPU
• Finally, the computer, under the control of its CPU,
executes the program one instruction at a time.
(*.exe)
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

preprocessor

header file

main function

user program
inside {….}

user defined
function (if any)

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

put \n

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

try to change \n → \a..observe what happen

• Notice that the characters \n were not

printed on the screen. The backslash (\) is
called an escape character..

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

int is refer to
the integer

try to change this..

number_3  %d
Value change  %d change
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

%d just for integer only!!

try to change this..

number_3  %d
Value change  %d change
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Preprocessor directives.
– Text must be start with #include<header.h>
– #define is one of the preprocessor directives.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

Sesi Dis 2014

 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Preprocessor directives.
– #define is one of the preprocessor directives.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• The C preprocessor (cpp) is the

preprocessor for the C and C++ computer
programming languages.
• The preprocessor handles directives for
– source file inclusion (#include)
– macro definitions (#define), and
– conditional inclusion (#if).

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Header file is a file that allows programmers

to separate certain elements of a program's
source code into reusable files.
• These are collectively known as the standard
libraries and include:
– string.h : for string handling
– stdlib.h : for some miscellaneous functions
– stdio.h : standardized input and output
– math.h : mathematical functions

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Compile
& Run

under header stdlib.h

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• These are collectively known as the standard

libraries and include:
– ctype.h : for character handling
– conio.h : library functions for performing
"console input and output" from a program

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Tells computer to load contents of a

certain file;
– <stdio.h> allows standard input/output
operations
stdio.h (standard input output header) example.

printf prints formatted byte/wchar_t

output to stdout,

scanf reads a byte string from stdin

puts writes a byte string to stdout

gets reads a byte string from stdin

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• conio.h is a C header file used in old MS-DOS

compilers to create text user interfaces.;
– <conio.h> allows console input/output
operations
conio.h (console input output header) example.

getch Reads a character directly from the console without

buffer

putch Writes a character directly to the console

cscanf Reads formatted values directly from the console

cprintf Formats values and writes them directly to the

console.
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random

numbers generation functions, memory allocation,
process control functions;
– <stdlib.h> allows standard input/output
operations
stdlib.h (standard library header) example.

system Execute system command (function )

rand Generate random number (function)

abort Abort current process (function)

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

• Block {…}
– Text surrounded by braces {...}.
– See line no.7 and no.12.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Brace { }
– A left brace, {, begins the body of every
function (line 7). A corresponding right brace
ends each function (line 11).
1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

• return 0; statement
– in line no.10, there are the statement return 0; which is indicate
that the function is successful normally terminated.
– Why return 0, bcoz main function should return integer data
type.
– void main() does no need to return 0.
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Comments
– Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by
computer, also by //. See line no.1 & 2
– Used to describe program

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 /* function main begins program execution */
6 int main()
7 {
8 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
9
10 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
11
12 } // end function main.

Welcome to C!

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Operators
Understand and
Expressions
•Operators are symbols which take one or more operands
or expressions and perform arithmetic or logical
computations.
•Types of operators available in C are as follows:
– Arithmetic
– Assignment/relational
– Logical
– Boolean operator/Bitwise
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Refresh Back!
– Variable(Identifier)
– Constant
– Expression
variable(operand)

expression

Y = A+B×2
constant

OPERATOR
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Arithmetic Operator
– All the basic arithmetic operations can be carried out in C.
– Both unary and binary operations are available in C language.
*Unary operations operate on a singe operand, therefore the number 5 when
operated by unary – will have the value –5.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Arithmetic Operator

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Arithmetic Operator (Do it Yourself!!)

algebraic expression c expression
Y = mX² + d ÷ m ×k Y =m*X*X+d/m*k;
s = s³ + d - w²
v = ½V + a × t
E = mc²
Z = kD - bV² + m
o = 0.23m – 0.11k²
Area = ½(P × L)
Formula C Expression

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Arithmetic Operator
– Both unary and binary operations are available in C.

+a Positive a -b Negative b

int a; int b;

a=10; b=10;

m=a; m=-b;

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Arithmetic Operator
– Both unary and binary operations are available in C

prefix ++a prefix --a

a+1 a-1
postfix a++ postfix a--

int a; int a;

a=10; a=10;

m=a++; m=a--;
m=11 is the answer m=9 is the answer

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Arithmetic Operational

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Relational Operator
– C supports the following relational operators.
– Often it is required to compare the relationship between
operands and bring out a decision and program accordingly.
– Example, we might make a decision in a program, for example,
to determine if a person’s grade on an exam is greater than
or equal to 60 and if it is to print the message
“Congratulations! You passed.”

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Relational Operator
algebraic expression c expression
X is greater than 46 X>46
y is lower than 423
221 is lower than m
A is greater than or equal
to 257
A is greater than or equal
to s
W is not equal to K

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Relational Operator

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Relational Operator

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator
– So far we have studied only simple conditions, such as counter
<= 10, total > 1000, and number != Value.
– C provides logical operators that may be used to form more
complex conditions by combining simple conditions.
– The logical operators are
• && (logical AND),
• || (logical OR) and
• ! (logical NOT also called logical negation).

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator (&& - and)

– Variable1&&Variable2

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator(Bitwise) (&& - and)

– Variable1&&Variable2

algebraic expression c expression result

0 and with 1 0&&1 0 (false)
0 and with 0
1 and with 1
0 and with 124
12 and with 111

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator (|| - or)

– Variable1||Variable2

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator (|| - or)

– Variable1||Variable2

algebraic expression c expression result

0 or with 1 0||1 1 (true)
0 or with 0
1 or with 1
0 or with 124
12 or with 111

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator(Bitwise) (! - not)

– !(Variable1)

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Logical Operator(Bitwise) (! - not)

– !(Variable1)

algebraic expression c expression result

not 0 !0 1 (true)
not 1
not (1 or 1)
not (0 &&124)
(not 12) or 111

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Logical Operational

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Boolean Operator(Bitwise)
– The bitwise operators perform bitwise-AND (&), bitwise-
exclusive-OR (^), and bitwise-inclusive-OR (|) operations.

– & - The bitwise-AND operator compares each bit of its first

operand to the corresponding bit of its second operand. If both
bits are 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, the
corresponding result bit is set to 0.

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

& 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Boolean Operator(Bitwise)
– The bitwise operators perform bitwise-AND (&), bitwise-
exclusive-OR (^), and bitwise-inclusive-OR (|) operations.

– ^ - The bitwise-exclusive-OR operator compares each bit of its

first operand to the corresponding bit of its second operand. If
one bit is 0 and the other bit is 1, the corresponding result bit is
set to 1. Otherwise, the corresponding result bit is set to 0.

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

^ 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Boolean Operator(Bitwise)
– The bitwise operators perform bitwise-AND (&), bitwise-
exclusive-OR (^), and bitwise-inclusive-OR (|) operations.

– |- The bitwise-inclusive-OR operator compares each bit of its first

operand to the corresponding bit of its second operand. If either
bit is 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, the
corresponding result bit is set to 0.   

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

| 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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 OR X-OR I-OR
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
X-OR i-OR
Klu kedua2 sama Klu salah satu adalah 1
=0 =1

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Example

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Exercise . Bitwise ~ & | ^

C Expression result
4&3
4A & 2B (assume in hex)
2|4
2&6|3
(8^3) & 6
(9 ^ 3) | (3 & 6)
2 & 3 & 5 | 10 (assume in decimal)
4+4&4
5-2&5
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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Boolean(Bitwise) Operational

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• Assignment
– often just called the "assignment operator", is a special case of
assignment operator where the source (right-hand side) and
destination (left-hand side) are of the same class type.

eg: a=a+b; mean a(new) = a(old) + b;

int a,b;

a=3; b=5;  a=a+b; a+=b;

a=a+b; 
d=d-b; d-=b;
e=e×b;
m=m÷k;

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Compound(assignment) Operational

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.
 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

100 5 9
&1000
0000
0+5>=9;

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Prompt number
0 to 100

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Modify the program to print as follow

0 2 4 6……………
...........200

Modify the program to print as follow

0
2
4
Modify the program to print as follow 6
:
0 0.1 0.2 0.3…… :
...........20 :
200

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Modify the program to print as follow

No. x2 x3
--------------------------
0 0 0
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
4 8 12
5 10 15
: : :
: : :
20 40 60

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

extra notes

• In this example, if x is equal to either w, y, or z, the

second argument to the printf function evaluates to
true and the value 1 is printed. Otherwise, it
evaluates to false and the value 0 is printed. As
soon as one of the conditions evaluates to true,
evaluation ceases.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

• The following examples illustrate the logical

extra notes
operators:

• In this example, the printf function is called to print a

message if x is less than y and y is less than z. If x
is greater than y, the second operand (y < z) is not
evaluated and nothing is printed.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

Data type printf conversion scanf conversion

specification specification
long double %Lf %Lf

double %f %lf

float %f %f

unsigned long int %lu %lu

long int %ld %ld

unsigned int %u %u

int %d %d

unsigned short %hu %hu

short %hd %hd

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char %c %c
 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

extra notes

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

extra notes

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

extra notes

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

extra notes

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.2. Understand the fundamentals of C Programme.

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Observe what the output..

A program to key-in
and to view number:

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Observe what the output..

Try make a program to
key-in and view
number:
a)23 & 24
b) 33, 155 & 112

hint.: just add more

variable
Eg: int a;
int b;
int c;
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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Observe what the output..

Program to add 2 integers

have 3 variable,
a for first number..
b for second number..
..and…..

c for the total..

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Observe what the output..

Try make a program to key-in and add this number:

a)23 & 24
b)33, 155 & 112

hint.: just add more variable

Eg: int a;
int b;
int c;

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Observe what the output..

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Create C Program..

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 3.3. Apply the fundamental of C Programming.

Create C Program
to display 1 to 100..

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