TOPICS FOR

THE EXAM
1st exam
VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
Vocabulary
 Example:
You tol d me we had ho mework.

You were ex ited.

We use the si mpl e past to tal k about actio ns that

Simple Past star ted and fi n ished i n the past.

Fo r the si mple pa st we have…

REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS
Practical example They end in –ed We have some verbs that
change
Driver’s License by Olivia Rodrigo
Talk -> Talked /talkt/ Eat –> Ate
[Link] Work -> Worked /workt/
h?v=_Bjf-iExroI We have some that don’t
Play -> Played/plaid/ change
Cut -> cut
Want -> Wanted /wanted/
Need -> Needed /nided/ We have some that only
change pronunciation
 To form sentences in the past tense we use “Didn’ t”
or “did not”.
- I didn’ t cut my hair.

- He didn’ t say when he was going back.

Subject + didn’ t + verb in BF + complement

Simple past
Exeptions
in negative Verb to be (Wasn’ t /Weren’ t)
- I wasn’ t at school.
form - You weren’ t at the party.

Can (Couldn’ t)
- We couldn’ t go to the party.
 GRAMMAR
(Wh-Word) Did + subject + verb +
complement?

- Did you get hur t? Yes, I did /No, I didn’ t.

- Did you go to the hospital?

Simple past - How did you fall?

with Exceptions
Verb to be: Was /were + subject +
questions complement?
- Were you at the par ty?

Could: Could + subject + verb + complement?

- Could you fi nd the classroom?

 - Past progressive

- Present per fect

- Present per fect progressive

Other past
tenses ***Extra help:
[Link] /watch?v=EqyK
Sdza1AQ&t=5s
(Progressive)
[Link] /watch?v=H0n
MCC0TS-E
(Per fect)
 We use the past progressive to talk about
actions that were in progress in the past.

1. I did my homework. (Simple)

2. I was doing my homework. (Progressive)

Past
progressive In #1, the important thing is the action. In
#2, the important thing is implying the time.

/continuous
What were you doing this past long
weekend?

I was going...
 Subject + was /were + verb-ing

I/He /She /It + was + verb-ing

Past You /We /They + were + verb-ing

progressive
- The stare was holding

- Grammar - Skin was showing with the ripped jeans

- Wind was blowing.

 Negative form

Subject + wasn’ t /weren’ t + verb-ing

I/He /She /It + wasn’ t + verb-ing

Past You /We /They + weren’ t + verb-ing

progressive - The stare wasn’ t holding

- Skin wasn’ t showing with the ripped

- Grammar jeans because they had leggings under.

- Wind wasn’ t blowing.

 Question

Was /Were + subject + verb-ing?

Past
- Was the stare holding?

progressive - Was the skin showing?

- Was the wind blowing?

- Grammar
 1. Hice la tarea vs
Present 2. He estado haciendo la tarea.

perfect.
With the present perfect and present perfect

Present progressive we talk about actions that stared

in the past but continue until the present.

perfect
3. I did my homework vs
progressive. 4. I have been doing my homework
 1. Viví en Barcelona por 5 años.

2. He vivido en Barcelona por 5 años.

Present 3. He estado viviendo en Barcelona por 5
años.
perfect.
4. I lived in Barcelona for 5 years.
Present Th e ac ti on is fi nis he d.

perfect 5. I have lived in Barcelona for 5 years.

The action may continue or not the eff ects

progressive. of the action are still visible.

6. I have been living in Barcelona for 5

years.

Th e ac ti on s ta r te d a nd is st ill in pro gre ss.

 Grammar

Subject + have /has + verb participle

He /She /It + has

Present I/You /We /They + have

perfect
- I have paid my dues.

simple. - I have done my sentence.

- I have made some mistakes.

- It has been no bed of roses.

 Negative form

I have done my homework (Aff )

I have not done my homework. (Neg)

Present Subject + haven’ t /hasn’ t + verb par ticiple

perfect He /She /It + hasn’ t

I/You /We /They + haven’ t

simple.
- I haven’ t paid my dues.

- I haven’ t done my sentence.

- It hasn’ t been a bed of roses.

 Questions

Present (Wh question) + have /has+ subject+

verb?
perfect Have you been to the par ty? Yes /No

Where have you been? To the par ty /the

simple. store /at home.
 I have been living in Barcelona for 5
PRESENT years.

PERFECT We know the action started and continues to

the present. We make an enphasis in the
PROGRESSI time.

VE Subject + have /has + been + verb-ing.

 - Aron has been wearing prosthetic arm
Exercise since 2005.

(Aron ha estado usando una prótesis de

brazo desde el 2005)

- I’ve been studying industrial designer

Since 2021.

- I have been painting since yesterday.

 In Spanish

(2) Ayer que llegué a comprar comida,

PAST PERFECT (1)ya se había acabado todo en la

cafetería.
AND
PAST PERFECT (2)Yesterday I went to get food, but
(1)ever ything in the cafetería had ran out.

PROGRESSIVE
We use the past perfect to talk about
things that happen before another action
in the past.
 When I reached home, I noticed I
PAST had(había) forgotten my keys.

PERFECT AND Had + verb partiple (Indica lo que ocurrió

más lejos en el pasado)

(2)When my friend arrived at the

PAST restaurant, (1)we had already ordered.

PERFECT
(1)My dog had run away before (2)I
PROGRESSIVE noticed the chain broke.
 Grammar

PAST
Subject + had /had’ t + verb par ticiple
PERFECT AND
When I got to school yesterday, I...

- hadn’ t fi nished my homework.

PAST - Hadn’ t been able to fi nd my books.

PERFECT - Hadn’ t eaten my food.

PROGRESSIVE
 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Subject + had /hadn’ t + been + verb –ing.

PAST PERFECT With the past per fect progressive, we

focus on time.
SIMPLE AND
PAST PERFECT Cuando mi hermano llegó a ayudarme, yo
ya había estado pintando 4 horas.
PROGRESSIVE
When my brother arrived to help me, I had
been painting for 4 hours.
 Subject + had /hadn’ t + been + verb –ing.

PAST PERFECT
Before I entered the University, I...
SIMPLE AND
- Had been studying for 13 years.

PAST PERFECT - I had been reading about the career

months ago.
PROGRESSIVE
- I had been taking courses.
Exercise
 Under the weather

Vocabulary
Weather
idioms
Vocabulary
Disasters
Vocabulary
Culture
corner
Vocabulary
Materials
FUTURE TENSES - WILL

- I will remember us.

- I will always love you.

- When you don’ t know, I will.

We use the future with will for uncer tain futures, we may want to do
something, but we cannot be sure if we will.

For example: Decisions, threats, warnings, and promises.

Other - I will buy some apples.

- I will hate /love you forever.

examples - We will win the lotter y. (predictions
without evidence)
with “Will”.
 Subject + Will /won’ t + verb BF +
complement.

- We will rock you.

Grammar - We’ll rock you.

- We won’ t (will not) rock you.

Future with
will Questions
Will /Won’ t + subject + verb BF +
complement?

-Will you see the movie with me?

 We use the be(am, is, are) + going to, to
talk about a cer tain future.

For example: Predictions with evidence

- Today is going to be hot.

BE GOING TO
- The kid is going to fall.

Subject + am, is, are + going to + verb BF

I am going to visit
 NEGATIVE FORM (NOT)

Subject + am, is, are + not + going to +

verb BF

- She is not going to play

- We are not going to play

BE GOING Contractions

I’m not gonna play

TO QUESTION
He’s not / He isn’t
We’re not / We aren’t

Am, is, are + subject + going to + verb

BF ?

- Are you going to play?

- Am I going to play?
 We use the present progressive to talk
about a future that we know for sure it’s
going happen.

- She is having a baby. (She is pregnant)

PRESENT - We are celebrating my friend’s bir thday.
(They are buying a cake)
PROGRESSIVE
Subject + am, is, are + verb-ing

I am teaching a class
 NEGATIVE FORM (NOT)

Subject + am, is, are + not + verb-ing

- She isn’ t playing

- We aren’ t playing

PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE QUESTION

Am, is, are + subject + verb-ing?

- Are you playing?

- Am I playing?
 En diciembre, estaré comprando regalos de Navidad.

En agosto, estaremos iniciando clases.

Hablar de acciones en futuro y enfocarnos en el

Future tiempo /duración.

We use the future progressive to talk about

progressive actions in the future focusing on the

time /duration.

On December, I will be buying Christmas gif ts.

On August, we will be star ting classes.

 AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE FORM

Subject + will /won’ t + be + verb-ing

I will be watching

I won’ t be working
Future
QUESTIONS
progressive Will + subject + be + verb-ing?

Will you be doing homework during

holidays? Yes /No.
Exercise
Vocabulary
Stores
Vocabulary
Faulty
products
 C O M PA R AT I V E

We use the comparative form between two

objects.

(Object 1) Adjective –er + than (Object 2)

COMPARATIVES (Object 1) More adjective + than (Object 2)

AND
SUPERLATIVE

SUPERLATIVES We use the superlative to highlight a

characteristic of one object from the many.

(Object) the adjective-est (of the world /class)

(Object) the most adjective (of the

world /class)
 Most known irregular adjectives
Good Bad Far
C. Better C. Worse C. Farther/further
S. The best S. The worst S. The farthest/the
furthest

Irregular Comparative Superlative

adjectives Old Older/Elder Oldest/Eldest

Much More the most

Little Less the Least

 AS ADJECTIVE AS (Tan adjetivo como)

In this comparative form, usually there are no

diff erences between the objects.
COMPARATIVE A Tesla car is as expensive as a house.

The salad is as tasty as the tacos.

FORM
AS ADJECTIVE Negative form

It’s a more polite way of making a diff erence.

AS My friend is not as handsome as me.

Your smiles were twice as wide as ours.

My house is four times as small as a Tec house.
 LIKE (Como)

We can use “LIKE” with adjectives and verbs.

My brother is tall like me.

OTHER My dog is cute like /as other dogs.

Tesla is known like /as other scientists.

COMPARATIVE/
SUPERLATIVE Comparative form with two adjectives

Cinderella is PRET TIER AND KINDER THAN HER

FORMS SISTERS.

If we repeat the same adjective

The cost is getting high er and higher.

We are indicating a progressive change.
 We can also use

OTHER The best /the most + verb

COMPARATIVE/ She is the best remarked chef.

SUPERLATIVE We also say: by far + the + superlative

WORDS form

He is by far the best friend I’ve had.

EXERCISE
 General Specific
In On At
Time Time Time

Years, decades. Day and Dates. Hours

Prepositions Space/Place Space/Place Space/Place

Specific points
of time and En (Dentro) On (Sobre) Transportation
Enclosed spaces Means of transport means places

place Geographical
regions
Floors
Surfaces

We are in 2023 We are on a The class starts at

Friday. 8.
In the school.
Exercise
 FROM

De (Indicates point of origin)

For example.
Places: I am from Mexico.
PREPOSITIONS Gifts: The sweater if from my mom.

From
DE OF

Of DE (Indicates per tenece /belonging)

For example.
Per tenence: The toy of the boy.

We can change “of ” for “ ‘s”

The boy ’s toy.
 TO

Pu r p o s e

To + v e r b i n B a s e fo r m
To + p l a c e

PREPOSITIONS I b r o u g h t s n a c k s to e a t
I ’ m g o i n g to s c h o o l

To PARA FOR

For Purp o s e

Fo r + verb –i ng
Fo r + sub jec t (Ani ma l , p ers o n, t hi ng)

I b ro ug ht snac k fo r ea ti ng whi l e the m ov i e s t ar t s .

I b ro ug ht snac k fo r a fri e nd.
Exercise
Exercise