SURVEY

DATA

Can you get a high grade in this subject?

Chances
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 6/1/23 06:44 AM
ACTIVITY

Answer the following questions.

1. In how many ways can two coins
fall?
2. In how many ways can a die fall?
3. In how many ways can two dice
fall?
ACTS Computer College | Sta. Cruz, Laguna
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Probability is a measure of the likelihood
of a random phenomenon or chance
behavior.

Examples:
1. Flip a coin
2. Flip a coin 3 times
3. Roll a die

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 Probability
Probability is a numerical measure of the likelihood
that an event will occur.

Probability values are always assigned on a scale

from 0 to 1.

A probability near zero indicates an event is quite

unlikely to occur.

A probability near one indicates an event is almost

certain to occur.
 Blaise Pascal
Father of Modern Probability

Born: 19 June 1623 in Clermont (now Clermont-Ferrand),

Auvergne, France

Died: 19 Aug 1662 in Paris, France

 Statistical Experiments

In statistics, the notion of an experiment differs somewhat

from that of an experiment in the physical sciences.

In statistical experiments, probability determines

outcomes.

Even though the experiment is repeated in exactly

the same way, an entirely different outcome may
occur.

For this reason, statistical experiments are some-

times called random experiments.
 Statistics and Probability

1 RANDOM VARIABLES

ACTS Computer College | Sta. Cruz, Laguna

 6/1/23 06:44 AM

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the students
shall be able to:
• Define Random Variables;
• Differentiate discrete and continuous
random variables; and
• Solve the values of random variable in an
experiment with patience and eagerness.

ACTS Computer College | Sta. Cruz, Laguna 10

Do you still remember?
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE
✘ is any ✘set of all
movement that
should be possible
possible more outcomes or
than once
under results 
comparative
condition.
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 Random Variables
• A variable or function that assigns values to each of an
experiment's outcomes.
• Result of a chance event that is measurable or countable
[Link]
• To quantify outcomes Continuous
Discrete
Random Random
Variables Variables
are random variables that
are variables can take
take an interminably
on a finite number of uncountable number of
distinct values. potential values, regularly
measurable amounts. 12
 Random Variables
Random Variables Classification
The number of male athletes discrete

Time spent in eating breakfast Continuous

The amount of sugar in a cup of

continuous
milk

The number of siblings you have discrete

The number of deaths infected by

Covid-19
discrete
In Philippines for the month of
June

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Steps in finding the values of
random variable in an
experiment
✘ List the sample space of the
experiment.
✘ Count the number of the random
variable in each outcome and assign
this number to the outcome.

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Example: Supposed two coins are
NUMBER OF HEADS (VALUES
tossed and we are interested to OUTCOME
OF H)
determine the number of heads that
will come out. Let us use H to HH 2
represent the number of heads that
HT 1
will come out. Determine the values
TH 1
of the random variable H.
TT 0
Step 1. List the sample space of the
experiment. Let H represent head
and T for tail. The values of the random
variable H (number of
Step 2. Count the number of the
random variable in each outcome
heads) in this experiment
and assign this number to this are 2, 1 and 0. 
outcome.
H={2, 1, 0} 15
 Remember
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a
Discrete Random Variable and its Properties
• Probability Distribution is a listing of the possible
values and the corresponding probabilities of a
discrete random variable. It is a correspondence
that assigns probabilities to the values of random
variable. It is also called the probability mass
function.

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Steps in finding the probability
distribution of the discrete
random variable:
✘ List the sample space of the experiment.
✘ Count the number of the random variable in each
outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
✘ Construct the frequency distribution of the values
of the random variable.
✘ Construct the probability distribution of the values
of the random variable by getting the probability of
occurence.

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 Example 1
Supposed two coins are tossed and we are interested to
determine the number of heads that will come out. Let
us use H to represent the number of heads that will
come out. Determine the values of the random variable
H.
✘Step 1. List the sample space of the
experiment. Let H represent head and T for
tail.
S= {HH, HT, TH, TT}
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 Example 1
✘ Step 2. Count the number of the random
variable in each outcome and assign this
number to this outcome.
NUMBER OF HEADS
OUTCOME
(VALUES OF H)
HH 2
HT 1
TH 1
TT 0

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 Example 1
✘ Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable.

NUMBER OF HEADS (VALUES NUMBER OF OCCURENCE

OF H) (FREQUENCY)
2 1
1 2
0 1
TOTAL 4
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 Example 1
✘ Step 4. Construct the probability distribution
of the values of the random variable H by
getting the probability of occurence.

NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF HEADS
OCCURENCE PROBABILITY P(H)
(VALUES OF H)
(FREQUENCY)
2 1 1/4
1 2 2/4 or 1/2
0 1 1/4
TOTAL 4 1

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 Example 2
 A basket contains 10 ripe and 4 unripe bananas. If
three bananas are taken from the basket one after the
other, determine the possible values of the random
variable R representing the number of ripe bananas.

✘ Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let

R represent the ripe bananas and U represent
unripe bananas.
S= {RRR, RRU, RUR, URR, UUR, URU, RUU,
UUU}
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 Example 2
✘ Step 2. Count the number of the random
variable in each outcome and assign this
number to this outcome.
OUTCOME NUMBER OF RIPE (VALUES OF R)
RRR 3
RRU 2
RUR 2
URR 2
UUR 1
URU 1
RUU 1
UUU 0

R={3, 2, 1, 0} 23
 Example 2
✘ Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable.

NUMBER OF RIPE (VALUES OF NUMBER OF OCCURENCE

R) (FREQUENCY)
3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
TOTAL 8

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 Example 2
✘ Step 4. Construct the probability distribution
of the values of the random variable R by
getting the probability of occurence.
NUMBER OF RIPE (VALUES NUMBER OF OCCURENCE
PROBABILITY P(R)
OF R) (FREQUENCY)
3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8
1 3 3/8
0 1 1/8
TOTAL 8 1

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Properties of a Discrete Probability DistributionFind the following:

Consider the probability

distribution of the number of
bananas given on example 2.
Solution:
R P(R) 1. P(R=3) = 1/8
3 1/8 2. P(R=1) = 3/8
3. P(R>1) = P(2) + P(3) = 3/8 + 1/8
2 3/8 = 4/8 OR 1/2
4. P(R<2) = P(1) + P(0) = 3/8 + 1/8
1 3/8 = 4/8 OR 1/2
0 1/8 5. ΣP(R) = P(3) + P(2) + P(1) + P(0)
= 1/8 + 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 OR 1

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Properties of a Discrete Probability Find the following:
Distribution
Consider the probability distribution
below (Based on example 1):

PROBABILITY
H P(H) Solution:
1. P(H=2) = 1/4
2 1/4
2. P(H=1) = 1/2
1 2/4 or 1/2 3. P(H>1)= 1/4
0 1/4 4. P(H<2) = P(1) + P(0) =
1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4
5. ΣP(H) = P(2) + P(1) +
P(0) = 1/4 + 1/2 + 1/3 = 4/4
OR 1
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Watch out!

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 QUESTIONS?

In Life, there is no such thing as Lucky.

Everything is Mathematics.
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THANK YOU PO,
KEEP SAFE AND
GOD BLESS!

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